Development and performance evaluation of low-density cork/phenolic composites for high-temperature aerospace use Thakur Sudesh Kumar Raunija, Jatinder Garg, Vipin Kumar Jain Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2026 Cork-reinforced resole-type phenolic composites have emerged as promising materials for high-temperature aerospace applications due to their unique combination of low density, high mechanical strength, and superior thermal insulation. In this study, composites with densities ranging from 300 to 700 kg/m³ were fabricated and subjected to comprehensive mechanical, thermal, and ablation performance evaluations. Mechanical testing revealed that increasing density enhanced flexural, impact, and compressive strengths, with values ranging from 1–9 MPa, 0.1–2.1 kJ/m2, and 0.5–7.5 MPa, respectively. The thermal conductivity of the material remained constant at approximately 0.1 W/mK, demonstrating excellent insulation capability. The results of oxyacetylene flame tests, conducted with exposure durations from 5 to 25 s, showed good thermal stability with reasonable degradation up to 20 s. However, with further increase in exposure duration, the material losses increased significantly, and reached upto 60% at 25 s, due to ablation. The formation of a protective char layer was observed, which helped in mitigating heat penetration and preserving the structural integrity. These results establish cork-phenolic composites as viable candidates for aerospace thermal protection systems, offering an optimal balance between mechanical robustness, insulation efficiency, and ablation resistance.
Development of a sustainable submerged arc welding flux using boiler fly ash and sugarcane bagasse ash Jatinder Garg, Harish Kumar Arya, Kulwant Singh, Manjinder Singh Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2026 A clean and sustainable environment is essential for all living beings, yet large-scale industrialization often compromises this balance. Boilers and pressure vessels, critical to many industries, produce significant waste and residues, raising serious environmental concerns. This study explores the development of submerged arc welding (SAW) flux by transforming industrial waste materials, specifically boiler fly ash and sugarcane bagasse ash, into a high-performance, cost-effective welding solution. The resulting flux not only reduces reliance on virgin mineral resources but also addresses waste management challenges. Comprehensive evaluations, including chemical composition analysis, mechanical property testing, and microstructural and fractographic analysis using FESEM, confirmed the flux’s adherence to ASME SFA 5.17 standards. Welds produced with the developed flux exhibited superior performance, with higher ultimate tensile strength (548.49 MPa) and impact toughness (133.33 J) compared to commercially available flux, alongside stable arc characteristics and a high-quality weld bead surface. Moreover, the developed flux offered a 64% cost savings over commercial alternatives, demonstrating both economic and environmental benefits. This research enhances welding efficiency and mechanical reliability while promoting sustainability through innovative waste repurposing.
Development of submerged arc welding flux from rice straw ash Jatinder Garg, Kulwant Singh, Love Kumar, Lalta Prasad Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2023 At present, a large amount of rice straw ash is being dumped as waste creating soil and water pollution. The manufacturing of welding fluxes requires minerals which are mined out from the earth’s crust creating environmental ill effects. This paper presents a novel methodology for utilizing rice straw ash in the manufacturing of submerged arc welding (SAW) fluxes. The chemical composition of the joints produced with the developed flux is well within the acceptable range of American Welding Society (AWS) specifications. Their tensile strength and joint efficiency are 8% and 9% more than the joints produced with a commercial flux respectively. Their bead geometries are comparable to the beads deposited with the commercial flux. The joints are sufficiently ductile and could easily pass the bend test. The weld metal exhibits a desired microstructure containing acicular ferrite. This technology may turn the rice straw ash into a blessing in disguise.
Development and performance evaluation of low-density cork/phenolic composites for high-temperature aerospace use TSK Raunija, J Garg, VK Jain Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1-17 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Recycling of submerged arc welding slag into a hardfacing flux and its characterization J Garg, SB Garg, K Singh Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1-16 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Development of a sustainable submerged arc welding flux using boiler fly ash and sugarcane bagasse ash J Garg, HK Arya, K Singh, M Singh Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1-15 , 2025 2025
Corrosion resistance coating for high-speed oxygen rich environment TSK Raunija, J Garg, N Grewal, S V Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 39 (15), 2406-2428 , 2025 2025
Exfoliated Carbon Fibers Dispersion in Aluminum Metal Matrix-Based C/Al Composites TSK Raunija, J Garg, P Kumar Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 78 (7), 171 , 2025 2025
Influence of recycled SAW slag and process parameters on the composition of stainless steel claddings J Garg, SB Garg, K Singh, S Selvaraj Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 39 (11), 1720-1736 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Effect of slag recycling on bead geometry, dilution and microstructure in submerged arc cladding of stainless steels J Garg, SB Garg, K Singh Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 39 (4), 574-595 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Development of submerged arc welding flux from rice straw ash J Garg, K Singh, L Kumar, L Prasad Materials and Manufacturing Processes 39 (2), 259-268 , 2024 2024 Citations: 9
Predication of performance and emissions characteristics adual fuel engine energized with liquid and gaseous materials by Artificial neural network G Goga, SK Mahla, BS Chauhan, AS Yadav, S Chakroborty, J Garg, ... Materials Today: Proceedings , 2023 2023 Citations: 9
The effects of flux particle size and column height on the bead geometry in submerged arc welding J Garg, SB Garg, B Jeet, H Singh Sādhanā 47 (4), 199 , 2022 2022 Citations: 7
AiIoMT: IoMT-based system-enabled artificial intelligence for enhanced smart healthcare systems JB Awotunde, SO Folorunso, SA Ajagbe, J Garg, GJ Ajamu Machine learning for critical Internet of Medical Things: applications and … , 2022 2022 Citations: 72
Experimental investigation and optimization of weld bead shape factor and form factor using recycled steel slag as a flux in submerged arc welding process S Saini, K Singh, J Garg IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1225 (1), 012038 , 2022 2022 Citations: 7
Machine Learning for Critical Internet of Medical Things: Applications and Use Cases J Awotunde, S Folorunso, S Ajagbe, J Garg, GJ Ajamu Cham: Springer, 229-254 , 2022 2022 Citations: 7
Prediction of mechanical strength by using an artificial neural network and random forest algorithm K Upreti, M Verma, M Agrawal, J Garg, R Kaushik, C Agrawal, D Singh, ... Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (1), 7791582 , 2022 2022 Citations: 111
Significant applications of smart materials and Internet of Things (IoT) in the automotive industry M Ammar, A Haleem, M Javaid, S Bahl, SB Garg, A Shamoon, J Garg Materials Today: Proceedings 68, 1542-1549 , 2022 2022 Citations: 75
IoT-based low-cost 3D mapping using 2D Lidar for different materials M Yusuf, A Zaidi, A Haleem, S Bahl, M Javaid, SB Garg, J Garg Materials Today: Proceedings 57, 942-947 , 2022 2022 Citations: 8
Environmental impact of energy production and extraction of materials-a review A Shamoon, A Haleem, S Bahl, M Javaid, SB Garg, RC Sharma, J Garg Materials Today: Proceedings 57, 936-941 , 2022 2022 Citations: 85
A simplified methodology for finding the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the machine tool structures J Garg, SB Garg Materials Today: Proceedings 38, 99-104 , 2021 2021 Citations: 6
Performance analysis of classification methods in the diagnosis of heart disease SB Garg, P Rani, J Garg Mobile Radio Communications and 5G Networks: Proceedings of MRCN 2020, 717-728 , 2020 2020 Citations: 3
A Critical Evaluation of Mathematical Modeling Approaches in the Scientific Research J Garg, SB Garg, K Singh Mobile Radio Communications and 5G Networks: Proceedings of MRCN 2020, 729-733 , 2020 2020
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Prediction of mechanical strength by using an artificial neural network and random forest algorithm K Upreti, M Verma, M Agrawal, J Garg, R Kaushik, C Agrawal, D Singh, ... Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (1), 7791582 , 2022 2022 Citations: 111
Environmental impact of energy production and extraction of materials-a review A Shamoon, A Haleem, S Bahl, M Javaid, SB Garg, RC Sharma, J Garg Materials Today: Proceedings 57, 936-941 , 2022 2022 Citations: 85
Significant applications of smart materials and Internet of Things (IoT) in the automotive industry M Ammar, A Haleem, M Javaid, S Bahl, SB Garg, A Shamoon, J Garg Materials Today: Proceedings 68, 1542-1549 , 2022 2022 Citations: 75
AiIoMT: IoMT-based system-enabled artificial intelligence for enhanced smart healthcare systems JB Awotunde, SO Folorunso, SA Ajagbe, J Garg, GJ Ajamu Machine learning for critical Internet of Medical Things: applications and … , 2022 2022 Citations: 72
Slag recycling in submerged arc welding and its effects on the quality of stainless steel claddings J Garg, K Singh Materials & Design 108, 689-698 , 2016 2016 Citations: 39
Reuse of slag as flux in submerged arc welding & its effect on chemical composition, bead geometry & microstructure of the weld metal J Garg, K Singh, J Singh International Journal of Surface Engg. & Materials Technology 1 (1), 24-27 , 2011 2011 Citations: 11
Development of submerged arc welding flux from rice straw ash J Garg, K Singh, L Kumar, L Prasad Materials and Manufacturing Processes 39 (2), 259-268 , 2024 2024 Citations: 9
Predication of performance and emissions characteristics adual fuel engine energized with liquid and gaseous materials by Artificial neural network G Goga, SK Mahla, BS Chauhan, AS Yadav, S Chakroborty, J Garg, ... Materials Today: Proceedings , 2023 2023 Citations: 9
Reuse of slag in stainless steel cladding and its effect on chemistry of cladding J Garg, K Singh Journal of Environmental Research and Development 6 (3A), 674-680 , 2012 2012 Citations: 9
IoT-based low-cost 3D mapping using 2D Lidar for different materials M Yusuf, A Zaidi, A Haleem, S Bahl, M Javaid, SB Garg, J Garg Materials Today: Proceedings 57, 942-947 , 2022 2022 Citations: 8
Effective Implementation of E-Governance in Technical Institutions in India using ICT to Make them World Class J Garg, SB Garg, N Chaudhary Research Cell: An International Journal of Engineering Sciences 4 (September … , 2011 2011 Citations: 8
The effects of flux particle size and column height on the bead geometry in submerged arc welding J Garg, SB Garg, B Jeet, H Singh Sādhanā 47 (4), 199 , 2022 2022 Citations: 7
Experimental investigation and optimization of weld bead shape factor and form factor using recycled steel slag as a flux in submerged arc welding process S Saini, K Singh, J Garg IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1225 (1), 012038 , 2022 2022 Citations: 7
Machine Learning for Critical Internet of Medical Things: Applications and Use Cases J Awotunde, S Folorunso, S Ajagbe, J Garg, GJ Ajamu Cham: Springer, 229-254 , 2022 2022 Citations: 7
A simplified methodology for finding the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the machine tool structures J Garg, SB Garg Materials Today: Proceedings 38, 99-104 , 2021 2021 Citations: 6
Effect of slag recycling on bead geometry, dilution and microstructure in submerged arc cladding of stainless steels J Garg, SB Garg, K Singh Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 39 (4), 574-595 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Performance analysis of classification methods in the diagnosis of heart disease SB Garg, P Rani, J Garg Mobile Radio Communications and 5G Networks: Proceedings of MRCN 2020, 717-728 , 2020 2020 Citations: 3
Effects of Process Parameters and Recycled Slag on Flux Consumption in Submerged Arc Stainless Steel Cladding J Garg, K Singh Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9 (28), 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i28/95405 , 2016 2016 Citations: 3
Influence of recycled SAW slag and process parameters on the composition of stainless steel claddings J Garg, SB Garg, K Singh, S Selvaraj Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 39 (11), 1720-1736 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Analytical Study and Performance Comparison of Various Machine Learning Tools SB Garg, J Garg Research Cell: An International Journal Of Engineering Sciences 28, 103-115 , 2018 2018 Citations: 2