The Tear and Tensile Strengths of Silica Fly Ash Reinforced Natural Rubber Vulcanizate Indra Surya, Sudibyo Sudibyo, Muhammad Khatami, Johan Anto, Nabil Hayeemasae Asean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2025 This study investigated the enhancement of tear and tensile strengths in natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates reinforced with silica fly ash. The focus was on evaluating the tear and tensile strengths of the composites to improve their performance across various industrial applications. NR, known for its elasticity and flexibility, is often reinforced with fillers to enhance its mechanical properties. Silica fly ash, a by-product of coal combustion, was utilized as a reinforcing agent due to its high silica content and fine particle size. A series of NR composites was prepared by incorporating silica fly ash at weight percentages ranging from 10 to 40 parts per hundred parts of NR (phr). The vulcanization process was optimized to ensure uniform dispersion of the fly ash particles within the NR matrix. The resulting vulcanizates were then subjected to standardized testing to measure their tear and tensile strengths. Results indicated a significant improvement in both tear and tensile strengths with the addition of silica fly ash, particularly at an optimal filler loading. The tear and tensile strengths of the NR vulcanizate with 30 phr silica fly ash (optimal filler loading) were 84.3 N/mm and 29.0 MPa, which were much higher than those of the tear and tensile strengths of the NR vulcanizate with no silica fly ash; 41.2 N/mm and 19.0 MPa, respectively. The 100% modulus, maximum, and delta torque for NR/silica fly ash vulcanizate were higher than those of unfilled NR vulcanizate. The study concludes that silica fly ash is a viable, cost-effective filler for NR, offering substantial improvements in mechanical properties. This finding not only promotes the use of industrial waste but also opens avenues for developing high-performance rubber composites for diverse applications.
High surface area activated carbon derived from sustainable Kappaphycus alvarezii via one-step NaOH activation for efficient methylene blue adsorption Tata Alfatah, Eka Marya Mistar, Mohamed Jaber, Indra Surya Algal Research, 2025 This study explores Kappaphycus alvarezii , a sustainable marine macroalgae, as a novel precursor for producing activated carbon (AC) for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The AC was synthesized through one-step chemical activation with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at an optimal NaOH-to-biomass impregnation ratio of 0.75:1 (AC-3). The resulting material exhibited a high surface area (1574 m 2 /g), significant microporosity (86.068 %), a large pore volume (0.847 cm 3 /g), and a zeta potential of −38.7 mV, all of which contributed to its strong adsorption performance. Under continuous flow conditions at 25 °C, AC-3 achieved a maximum MB adsorption capacity of 375.61 mg/g, with the Thomas model effectively describing the breakthrough behavior and adsorption kinetics . Morphological and functional characterizations confirmed the surface modifications and adsorption potential of the optimized AC. These findings demonstrate that Kappaphycus alvarezii -derived AC offers an eco-friendly and efficient solution for synthetic dye removal from wastewater. • Kappaphycus alvarezii was successfully converted into effective activated carbon. • One-step NaOH activation was adopted in the fabrication of activated carbon. • The synthesized activated carbon showed the largest surface area of 1574 m 2 /g. • A maximum adsorption capacity of 375.61 mg of MB/g of AC-3 was achieved. • Kappaphycus alvarezii shows potential for use as an adsorbent for methylene blue.
Talenta M K M Nasution, Runtung Sitepu, Rosmayati, M F Ganis Siregar, Bustami Syam, Luhut Sihombing, Farhat, A S Rambe, Budiman Ginting, Hasanuddin, Seri Maulina, Ramli, Trelia Boel, Budi Agustono, Kerista Sebayang, Muriyanto Amin, Ida Yustina, Masfria, Zulkarnain, Setiawan, O S Sitompul, Siti Latifah, Robert Sibarani, Erman Munir, Tulus, I Budi Putra, Zaimah Z Tala, D Keumala Sari, Saidin, P Melati Hasibuan, Jelly Leviza, Hamidah Hanum, Jonatan Ginting, Tavi Supriana, Johannes Tarigan, Syahrizal, Irvan, Prihatin Lumbanraja, H Sakti Siregar, A Nurbaity Lubis, Sondang Pintauli, R O Nasution, Mohammad Zulkarnain, Mauly Purba, Heristina Dewi, Ikhwanuddin Nasution, Nursahara Pasaribu, Pengarapen Bangun, Saharman Gea, Husni Thamrin, M Arifin Nasution, Hendra Harahap, Nurmaini, S Indra Chahaya, Heru Santosa, P A Zaitun Hasibuan, Khairunnisa, Marianne, E D Jaya Ginting, Ferry Novliadi, Rika Eliana, S Eka Wahyuni, C Trisa Siregar, S Saidah Nasution, E Muisa Zamzami, M F Syahputra, M Silvi Lidya, Rudi Hartono, Samsuri, A Heri Iswanto, Dwi Suryanto, Suwardi Lubis, R P Wibowo, Muhammad Husni, G A W Siregar, Erwin Sitorus, Hakim Bangun, Rina Bukit, E Pascawira Sinulingga, Fadli, Darma Bakti, Chairani Hanum, Irnawati Marsaulina, Himsar Ambarita, Elvina Herawati, Onrizal, Iskandar Muda, Yuandani, P C Eyanoer, Rondang Tambun, R F Rahmat, Ridwan Siregar, Jonner Hasugian, Diana Chalil, T I Nasution, Indra Surya, Rosmalinda, M A Muchtar, T H Nasution, Maria Elfida Journal of Physics Conference Series, 2018
The effect of drying temperature on mechanical properties of natural rubber latex products with cassava peel waste powder modified alkanolamide Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2015
Modified palm stearin for enhanced crosslinks, mechanical and ageing resistance of carbon black-Styrene butadiene rubber compound I Surya, V Purwandari, H Ismail AIP Conference Proceedings 3336 (1), 080006 , 2026 2026
Enhanced rubber-to-filler interaction in carbon black-reinforced epoxidized natural rubber using ethanolamine modified palm stearin I Surya, MHS Ginting, N Hayeemasae AIP Conference Proceedings 3336 (1), 080005 , 2026 2026
Pengembangan alat sangrai biji kopi sistem rotary drum berbasis gas burner untuk peningkatan efisiensi produksi R Muhida, M Riza, I Surya, B Pratowo, Z Muhamad, E Eryando KOLECER Scientific Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2 (1), 37-42 , 2026 2026
Rancang bangun mesin pemotong adonan kerupuk untuk industri rumah tangga berkapasitas 78 kg/jam menggunakan motor listrik 1/6 HP R Muhida, M Riza, I Surya, B Pratowo, Z Muhamad, H Saputro KOLECER Scientific Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2 (1), 43-48 , 2026 2026
Pengembangan Sistem Penyulingan Bahan Bakar Bioetanol dari Sampah Organik Pertanian di Desa Sempajaya, Kecamatan Berastagi, Kabupaten Karo: Indonesia R Sidabutar, B Trisakti, I Irvan, F Hanum, I Surya, T Taslim, MS Sinaga, ... Jurnal Abdimas Madani dan Lestari (JAMALI), 195-205 , 2026 2026
Biochar-layered double hydroxide vs biochar-layered double oxide: a critical review on their applications in water pollution control YG Wibowo, D Anwar, H Safitri, A Rohman, A Rinovian, BS Ramadan, ... Water-Energy Nexus 8, 205-228 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
The effects of ethanolamine-modified stearin on tensile and ageing behaviours of natural rubber I Surya, A Warsita, M Marpongahtun AIP Conference Proceedings 3195 (1), 040006 , 2025 2025
The making of ethanolamine-modified stearin and its application in natural rubber technology I Surya, A Warsita, M Marpongahtun AIP Conference Proceedings 3195 (1), 040004 , 2025 2025
The curing and reinforcement behaviours of compound of natural rubber-silica in the presences of epoxidized natural rubbers I Surya, M Mukhlishien, B Siregar, N Hayeemasae AIP Conference Proceedings 3195 (1), 040003 , 2025 2025
The application of ethanolamine-modified stearin on the compounding of natural rubber: Mechanical and crosslinking behaviours I Surya, A Warsita, M Marpongahtun AIP Conference Proceedings 3195 (1), 040005 , 2025 2025
The Tear and Tensile Strengths of Silica Fly Ash Reinforced Natural Rubber Vulcanizate. I Surya, S Sudibyo, M Khatami, J Anto, N Hayeemasae ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 25 (3) , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Functionalized Carbon-Based Materials vs. Bentonite Intercalation: A Comparative Review Using the PRISMA Method YG Wibowo, D Anwar, H Safitri, S Priyanto, AT Yuliansyah, HTBM Petrus, ... Total Environment Engineering, 100033 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
High surface area activated carbon derived from sustainable Kappaphycus alvarezii via one-step NaOH activation for efficient methylene blue adsorption T Alfatah, EM Mistar, M Jaber, I Surya Algal Research, 104200 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Structural and chemical properties of kappa-carrageenan extracted from macroalgae by deep eutectic solvents and sustainable biopolymer films produced thereof T Alfatah, EM Mistar, D Aswita, M Jaber, I Surya Bioresource Technology Reports 30, 102120 , 2025 2025 Citations: 8
The potency of fatty alcohol compounds to improve the silica dispersion in the compound of natural rubber with silica I Surya, Mukhlishien, N Hayeemasae AIP Conference Proceedings 3166 (1), 020010 , 2025 2025
Increased rubber-filler interaction of the compound of natural rubber-silica by aminopropyltriethoxy silane I Surya, N Hayeemasae AIP Conference Proceedings 3166 (1), 020011 , 2025 2025
The effect of aptes-silane on tensile and ageing properties of the compound of natural rubber-silica I Surya, N Hayeemasae AIP Conference Proceedings 3166 (1), 020012 , 2025 2025
Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) microfilled anhydride-modified crude lignin blend biodegradable materials RD Bairwan, L Sukeksi, HPSA Khalil, KM Hosny, M Baradwan, WY Rizg, ... International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 304, 140985 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Nanofiller-Reinforced Rubber Composites: Curing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties NF Zaaba, H Ismail, I Surya CRC Press , 2025 2025
Functionalized magnetite-biochar with live and dead bacteria for adsorption-biosorption of highly toxic metals: Cd, Hg, and Pb YG Wibowo, D Anwar, H Safitri, I Surya, S Sudibyo, AT Yuliansyah, ... Next Materials 6, 100487 , 2025 2025 Citations: 27
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Alkanolamide as an accelerator, filler-dispersant and a plasticizer in silica-filled natural rubber compounds I Surya, H Ismail, AR Azura Polymer testing 32 (8), 1313-1321 , 2013 2013 Citations: 138
The comparison of alkanolamide and silane coupling agent on the properties of silica-filled natural rubber (SMR-L) compounds I Surya, H Ismail, AR Azura Polymer testing 40, 24-32 , 2014 2014 Citations: 86
Kimia dari inhibitor korosi IS Delimunthe 2004 Citations: 76
pembuatan selulosa asetat dari α-selulosa tandan kosong kelapa sawit MRLL Gaol, R Sitorus, I Surya, R Manurung Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 2 (3), 33-39 , 2013 2013 Citations: 75
The presence of stearamide as a rubber chemical in silica loaded-styrene butadiene rubber: The curing properties R Dhoni, M Ginting, I Surya IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1003 (1), 012067 , 2020 2020 Citations: 74
The effect of alkanolamide loading on properties of carbon black-filled natural rubber (SMR-L), epoxidised natural rubber (ENR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds I Surya, H Ismail, AR Azura Polymer testing 42, 208-214 , 2015 2015 Citations: 55
Plasticizer enhancement on the miscibility and thermomechanical properties of polylactic acid-chitin-starch composites I Surya, NG Olaiya, S Rizal, I Zein, NA Sri Aprilia, M Hasan, EB Yahya, ... Polymers 12 (1), 115 , 2020 2020 Citations: 52
A review on clay‐reinforced ethylene propylene diene terpolymer composites I Surya, M Muniyadi, H Ismail Polymer Composites 42 (4), 1698-1711 , 2021 2021 Citations: 51
Recent advances in nanocellulose aerogels for efficient heavy metal and dye removal A Ahmad, MA Kamaruddin, AK HPS, EB Yahya, S Muhammad, S Rizal, ... Gels 9 (5), 416 , 2023 2023 Citations: 50
Properties and characterization of a PLA–chitin–starch biodegradable polymer composite NG Olaiya, I Surya, PK Oke, S Rizal, ER Sadiku, SS Ray, PK Farayibi, ... Polymers 11 (10), 1656 , 2019 2019 Citations: 49
Studies on cure index, swelling behaviour, tensile and thermooxidative properties of natural rubber compounds in the presence of alkanolamide I Surya, L Sukeksi, N Hayeemasae IOP conference series: materials science and engineering 309 (1), 012060 , 2018 2018 Citations: 49
The effect of the addition of alkanolamide on properties of carbon black-filled natural rubber (SMR-L) compounds cured using various curing systems I Surya, H Ismail Polymer testing 50, 276-282 , 2016 2016 Citations: 48
Cure characteristics, crosslink density and degree of filler dispersion of kaolin-filled natural rubber compounds in the presence of alkanolamide I Surya, N Hayeemasae, M Ginting IOP conference series: materials science and engineering 343 (1), 012009 , 2018 2018 Citations: 40
Alkanolamide as a novel accelerator and vulcanising agent in carbon black-filled polychloroprene rubber compounds I Surya, H Ismail Plastics, Rubber and Composites 45 (7), 287-293 , 2016 2016 Citations: 39
Synergistic effect of maleated natural rubber and modified palm stearin as dual compatibilizers in composites based on natural rubber and halloysite nanotubes N Hayeemasae, Z Sensem, I Surya, K Sahakaro, H Ismail Polymers 12 (4), 766 , 2020 2020 Citations: 37
The effect of alkanolamide addition on cure and tensile properties of unfilled natural rubber compounds I Surya, SF Siregar, H Ismail IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 223 (1), 012012 , 2017 2017 Citations: 35
Hydrophobicity and biodegradability of silane-treated nanocellulose in biopolymer for high-grade packaging applications I Surya, CM Hazwan, HPS Abdul Khalil, EB Yahya, AB Suriani, M Danish, ... Polymers 14 (19), 4147 , 2022 2022 Citations: 34
The effects of the addition of alkanolamide on carbon blacks filled natural rubber compounds I Surya, M Ginting, H Ismail IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 223 (1), 012006 , 2017 2017 Citations: 34
Augmentation of physico-mechanical, thermal and biodegradability performances of bio-precipitated material reinforced in Eucheuma cottonii biopolymer films I Surya, EWN Chong, HPSA Khalil, OG Funmilayo, CK Abdullah, ... Journal of Materials Research and Technology 12, 1673-1688 , 2021 2021 Citations: 33
The effects of aminopropyltriethoxy silane on tensile and rheometric properties of silica-filled natural rubber vulcanizates I Surya, H Ismail IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 801 (1), 012079 , 2020 2020 Citations: 33
