Paleo-weathering and paleoclimate of the Miocene syn-rift sandstones in the Midyan Basin, NW Saudi Arabia: Petrographic and geochemical constrains Madyan A. Yahya, Hamdalla A. Wanas, Faisal A. Alqahtani, Amara Masrouhi, Murad R. Abdulfarraj Geosystems and Geoenvironment, 2026 • Syn-rift Oligo-Miocene sandstone, NW Saudi Arabia. • The sandstones were derived from felsic igneous sources. • An active continental margin and island arc tectonic setting. • Week to moderate chemical weathering. • Semi-arid to semi-humid climate. This study aims to investigate the provenance, tectonic setting, paleo-weathering, and paleoclimate of sandstones of the syn-rift Oligocene?-Middle-Miocene Sharik and Nutaysh formations in the Midyan Basin, located in the northwestern portion of Saudi Arabia. This has been achieved by a multidisciplinary approach combining fieldwork, petrographic analysis, and bulk-rock geochemistry (major, trace and rare earth elements) of sandstones of the Sharik and Nutaysh formations. Integrated petrographic and geochemical data indicate that the studied sandstones are predominantly of sublithic and subarkose arenites. These sandstones were mainly derived from felsic plutonic igneous (mainly granite) and volcanic (mainly andesite and rhyolite tuff) rocks, with a lesser contribution from recycled sedimentary (mainly sandstone, mudrock and chert) and metamorphic (mainly gneiss) sources. These source rocks are typical of a craton interior with notable input from transitional continental and quartzose recycled orogenic tectonic provenance. They were belonged to the nearby Neoproterozoic basement rocks located in the northwest of the study area, as indicated by paleocurrent direction. These source rocks were tecttonically linked to an active continental margin to a continental island arc. These tectonic settings were subsequently influenced by rifting, as evidenced by discrimination function diagrams based on the high-and low-silica sandstone samples. In terms of paleoweathering and paleoclimate,the studied sandstones experienced a week to moderate chemical weathering under semi-arid to semi-humid climatic condition (low to moderate rainfall ranges from 250 to 1000 mm per year). With respect to tectono-sedimentary evolution, the alluvial sandstones of the Sharik Formation were deposited during the initial stages of continental extension and gradual subsidence linked to the early syn-rift phase in the Oligocene?-Early Miocene. The deposition of the deep-sea sandstones of the Nutaysh Formation were deposited during a period of accelerated subsidence in the Early-Middle Miocene, corresponding to the rift climax. Findings of the present study is consistent with the Oligo-Miocene broader tectono-sedimentary evolution of the region.
Provenance, tectonic setting, paleo-weathering and paleoclimate of the Cambrian–Middle Ordovician sandstones from the Tayma region, Tabuk Basin, NW Saudi Arabia (North Gondwana): Petrographic and geochemical evidence Sultan A. Almalki, Hamdalla A. Wanas, Faisal Alqahtani Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2026 In the Tayma region of northwest Saudi Arabia, the Cambro-Ordovician rock units are gaining growing attention for hydrocarbon and groundwater exploration. Nevertheless, their petrographic and geochemical characteristics have not yet been examined. Accordingly, this study aims to reconstruct the provenance of Cambrian-Middle Ordovician sandstones in the Tayma region, northwestern Saudi Arabia, along with the tectonic setting, paleo-weathering, and paleoclimatic conditions of the source area. This is achieved by the integration of both petrographic and geochemical data (major, trace, and rare-earth elements) of the studied sandstones. The sandstones are collected from the stratigraphic successions comprising the Saq Formation (the Risha and Sajir members, in particular) and the middle member of the Qassim Formation (the Kahfah member). Petrographic analysis reveals that the sandstones consist predominantly of quartz arenite, with subordinate sub-arkose arenite and micaceous quartz wacke. The integration of both petrographic and geochemical data indicates that detritus of the studied sandstones was primarily sourced from Neoproterozoic felsic igneous rocks (mainly granites) with a minor contribution from metamorphic source (mainly gneiss). These source rocks were developed in the interior of a craton, situated within a broad passive continental margin, and were intensely weathered due to prevailing warm and humid conditions. Deposition occurred in intra-cratonic basins after the Arabian-Nubian Shield (craton) stabilized following the Neoproterozoic Pan-African Orogeny, which culminated in the assembly of Gondwana. In terms of a regional perspective, findings of this study support earlier research suggesting that, during the Cambro-Ordovician period, North Africa and Arabia formed a broad, tectonically stable continental shelf along the northern margin of the Gondwana supercontinent, adjacent to the Proto-Tethys Ocean.
Depositional facies, sequence stratigraphy and diagenesis of the Cambrian-Middle Ordovician siliciclastic outcrops, Tayma Region, NW Saudi Arabia: An integrated approach for reservoir characterization Sultan A. Almalki, Hamdalla A. Wanas, Faisal Alqahtani, Murad R. Abdulfarraj Sedimentary Geology, 2025 This study explores how integrating depositional facies, sequence stratigraphy, and diagenetic attributes from outcropped siliciclastic rocks can enhance the characterization of reservoirs in a siliciclastic system. The Cambrian–Middle Ordovician siliciclastic outcrops in the Tayma region of northwestern Saudi Arabia are used as a case study to address this integrative approach. This represents the first integrated study of its kind for the Tayma region. The rationale for this choice is addressed herein. This work has been achieved through detailed field observations accompanied by petrographic, X-ray diffraction, and petrophysical analyses. The studied stratigraphic successions comprise the Saq Formation (the Risha and Sajir members) and the lower members of the Qassim Formation (the Hanadir and Kahfah members). Based on field observation, sixteen lithofacies were identified and grouped into six facies associations. These lithofacies and their related facies associations reflect deposition in braided fluvial, tidally influenced fluvial (upper estuarine), foreshore-upper shoreface, lower shoreface, lower shoreface-offshore transition, and offshore environments. The stacking pattern of the inferred facies and their facies associations led to the subdivision of the studied successions into three superimposed depositional sequences, including highstand-, lowstand-, and transgressive-systems tracts. Petrographic analyses indicate that the studied sandstones are primarily quartz arenites, subarkose arenites, and quartz wackes. These sandstones contain detrital components with different grain textures ranging from poorly to well sorted, subrounded to rounded, and fine- to coarse-grained. The sandstones underwent both shallow and deep burial diagenesis, including compaction, carbonate and iron cementation, clay authigenesis (kaolinite, dickite, and illite), quartz overgrowth, and dissolution of unstable feldspar and mica grains. The integration of the above findings reveals that fluvial-related sandstones linked to lowstand systems tracts (LSTs), along with diagenetic features such as dissolution, mechanical compaction and partial overgrowths) display characteristic features of superior reservoir quality. In contrast, marine-related sandstones (foreshore-shoreface–offshore transition and offshore/shelf environments), typically linked to transgressive (TSTs) and highstand systems tracts (HSTs), along with diagenetic features such as cementation, illite-smectite authigenesis, and complete silica overgrowths exhibit relatively lower reservoir quality at various scales. The reasons behind these findings are discussed herein. In this context, the offshore facies of the Hanadir Shale, which are part of the transgressive systems tract (TSTs), can be recognized as potential source rocks. As a result, this study highlights that reservoir quality in siliciclastic systems is primarily controlled by depositional facies, sequence stratigraphic context, and diagenetic processes. Additionally, this outcrop-based case study provides a valuable analog for characterization of similar subsurface reservoirs elsewhere, especially in areas where core and well log data are limited or uncertain.
Petrography and geochemistry of sandstones of the Ash Shumaysi Formation in the Jeddah-Makkah region, Saudi Arabia: Implications for provenance, tectonic setting, paleoweathering, paleoclimate and paleogeography Murad R. Abdulfarraj, Faisal A. Alqahtani, Hamdalla A. Wanas Sedimentary Geology, 2024 This study aims to evaluate the provenance of sandstones of the Ash Shumaysi Formation (Early Eocene to Oligo-Miocene) exposed in the Jeddah-Makkah region (an intra-continental cratonic region in the west of the central part of the Arabian Shield), in addition to re-establish the tectonic setting, paleoclimate and paleo-weathering of their source rocks. This aim has been achieved by petrographic investigation and geochemical elemental (major, trace and rare earth elements) analysis of the sandstones. Integration of both petrographic and geochemical data reflects a derivation of the sandstones from intensively-weathered and multi-recycled felsic igneous (granites) rocks, with a minor contribution of intermediate (granodiorite), mafic igneous (andesite), metamorphic and recycled sedimentary rocks, which correspond to the Precambrian rock units of the west of central part of the Arabian Shield. The latter was developed under semi-humid climatic conditions in the source area. Tectonically, the source rocks are of a cratonic interior in a passive continental margin of the Upper Continental Crust. This passive continental margin was later affected by rifting as revealed from the discrimination function diagrams of high-silica samples of sandstones. In general, the Ash Shumaysi sandstones may represent erosional products of the nearby high-topographic crystalline rocks of the Western Arabian Shield that were located in a tectonically stable passive margin subjected to a subsequent continental rift. Results of this study could add to the knowledge about paleoweathering, paleoclimate and tectonic setting in the Arabian Shield that is a part of the southern margin of the broad stable continental shelf of the northern margin of the Gondwana supercontinent.
Depositional architecture and sequence stratigraphic framework of the fluvio-lacustrine Ash Shumaysi Formation, Jeddah-Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia: Implications for climatic and tectonic changes in a local-scale sub-basin Faisal A. Alqahtani, Murad R. Abdulfarraj, Hamdalla A. Wanas Depositional Record, 2023 This study aims to interpret and document the depositional architecture styles and sequence stratigraphic framework of the Ash Shumaysi Formation in the Jeddah‐Makkah region, the west‐central part of Saudi Arabia, and presents an example of rarely discussed, local‐scale sub‐basins (half grabens). It also shows the relationships between synchronous sedimentary processes and pre, syn and post‐rift conditions. The described lithofacies and their facies associations indicate the presence of seven architectural depositional styles: proximal‐distal braided fluvial, meandering fluvial (point bar), crevasse splay, floodplain, estuarine and lacustrine. A proposed depositional model for the Ash Shumaysi Formation is drawn. The Ash Shumaysi Formation forms a second order depositional sequence, which is organised into two third order depositional sequences (sequences I and II) bounded by three sequence boundaries. Each third‐order sequence encloses the low accommodation systems tract and high accommodation systems tract. The low accommodation systems tract represents the coarse‐grained, braided‐distal fluvial facies developed during low accommodation space associated with high sediment supply (high discharge). The high accommodation systems tract encloses the fine‐grained deposits of point bar, estuarine and lacustrine facies that reflect the creation of significant accommodation space and low sediment supply (low discharge). Vertical and lateral variations of the inferred depositional architectural styles, sequences and systems tracts reflect that tectonic forces and climate are the main controlling factors during deposition of the Ash Shumaysi Formation, although base‐level changes in response to sea‐level changes cannot be ruled out.
Geoheritage meaning of past humidity in the central Western Desert of Egypt Fatma A. Mousa, Mohamed M. Abu El-Hassan, Hamdalla A. Wanas, Emad S. Sallam, Vladimir A. Ermolaev, Dmitry A. Ruban International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 2023 The central part of the Western Desert of Egypt, where the Bahariya and Farafra oases are situated, possesses many notable geological features. However, to date the related geoheritage information remains incomplete. Field investigation has permitted the characterization of ten localities representing Quaternary environments, which were rather humid and, thus, differed from the present hyper-arid conditions. Lacustrine-palustrine calcretes and dolocretes, lake (playa) deposits, fluvial tufa and travertines, speleothems (cavern deposits), and aeolian nebkha facies are among the features of these localities. Tentatively, a geosite with a new form is proposed for the studied entity of the localities, namely a serial geosite; this term signifies geosites embracing localities representing the same geological phenomenon, but scattered in the study area. The managerial implications of this study are recommendations for careful planning based on the geosite descriptions.
An authigenesis of glauconite in association with unconformity: A case study from the albian/cenomanian boundary at Gabal Shabrawet, Egypt Geochemistry International, 2003
Geochemical and petrographical studies and origin of the spheroidal dolomite in the Upper Cretaceous/Lower Tertiary Maghra El-Bahari Formation at Gabal Ataqa, Suez Canal district, Egypt Geochemistry International, 2003
Geochemical and petrographic studies and origin of the spheroidal dolomite in the upper cretaceous/lower tertiary Maghra El-Bahari formation at Gabal Ataqa, Suez Canal district, Egypt Geokhimiya, 2003
An authigenesis of glauconite in association with unconformity: Acase study from the Albian/Genomanian boundary at Gabal Shabrawet, Egypt Geokhimiya, 2003