A comprehensive literature review and bibliometric analysis on shape grammar theory and applications in architecture Linas Fathima A, Chithra K International Journal of Architectural Computing, 2026 Shape Grammar is a systematic tool used in the logical argumentive method in research for interpreting spatial design and activities. Shape grammar applies a group of shape rules in stages to create a set or a language of design. Researchers worldwide have used this method in various fields including architecture, arts, graphical design, and pattern recognition. Even in the case of architecture, researchers worldwide have implemented the shape grammar method to analyze patterns in various architectural fields. This study analyzed publication trends in the shape grammar domain using “Bibliometrix”, an open-source tool that uses the R package. Research papers from the Web of Science and Scopus (WoS) database were identified and assessed in terms of annual publication trends, contributions of various authors, countries, citation counts of authors, universities, popular keywords, journal trends, etc. A comprehensive literature review of all relevant research papers available in the WoS and Scopus academic databases on shape grammar and its application in architecture was also conducted as part of this study. The research paper concludes with the possible research opportunities in the domain of shape grammar.
Emotive cities: understanding human perception of urban spaces – a pilot study Lakshmi Manohar, Chithra Kurukkanari Frontiers in Built Environment, 2026 Neurourbanism offers new ways to understand how urban environments shape human cognition and emotion, yet empirical studies in rapidly urbanizing regions like South India remain scarce. This pilot study investigates how diverse urban settings in Calicut, Kerala, influence neurophysiological states using mobile EEG technology. Participants navigated urban spaces varying in street enclosure, natural features, and activity levels, with EEG readings analyzed for emotional states including excitement, engagement, interest, relaxation, and stress. Results show significant shifts in these metrics as environments transitioned from busy to calm, narrow to wide, urban to green, and crowded to less occupied. This study is the first to apply mobile EEG in a South Indian context, highlighting the potential for evidence-based urban design to enhance mental wellbeing. Findings underscore the importance of integrating green spaces, optimizing street scale, and promoting walkability in urban planning, with implications for policy and design practice in developing cities.
Decoding Namboothiri illams of Kerala: A shape grammar approach Linas Fathima A, Chithra K Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science, 2025 The mana / illam is a courtyard house typology found in the southern Indian state of Kerala, specific to the elite Namboothiri Brahmin community, who are members of the highest caste in the Hindu hierarchy, noted for their scholarship and wealth. These are highly decorated palatial houses built using timber or exposed laterite with sloped gable roofing designed to survive the heavy monsoons, expressive of Kerala’s rich vernacular and traditional architecture. This paper describes the language of mana/illam using shape grammar. To formulate the shape grammar, 36 samples of mana/illams across Kerala were architecturally documented, analysed, and their characteristics and differences in typology were determined. Three typologies of mana/illams are identified; spatial configurations, proportions, and hierarchy are examined, from which the vocabulary and rulesets for the shape grammar are formulated. Sixty-eight shape rules are defined across 20 stages. Sixty plan typologies of mana/illam are generated to illustrate the grammar.
A GIS-Based Decision Support System to Study the Impact of Land Use Policies on Water-Related Ecosystem Services—A Case Study of Kozhikode, Kerala Nishan Nazer, Bimal Puthuvayi, Chithra Kurukkanari Environmental Quality Management, 2024 This study tries to review the land use policies from the perspective of their impact on the ecosystem and identify significant negative LULC changes and their spatial distribution. The study proposes a decision support system to evaluate land‐use policies based on the coupling coordination degree (CCD) of LULC and water‐related ecosystem service (WES) changes. By studying the nature of the interaction, changes in the intensity and significance of land use and land cover (LULC) changes with negative WES changes, the implications of the government LULC policies and schemes are assessed. Unlike general LULC‐WES studies that focus on the influence of the LULC on WES in a cross‐section of time, this study focuses on the changes in the WES due to changes in LULC over the longitudinal section of time at pixel‐level resolution. For illustration, one of the fastest urbanizing districts in Kerala, Kozhikode, was selected. From 2003 to 2013, LULC‐driven WES changes were highest in municipal areas and the western coast, shifting to midlands and urban centers in 2013–2022. Critical land use changes included the conversion of plantations and farms to built‐up areas (2003‐2013), and plantations to farms and barren lands (2013–2022). The 2018 Kerala Forest Policy effectively reduced forest conversion, while several agricultural and conservation policies proved ineffective. Key ecological concerns include farm‐to‐urban conversion and plantation abandonment in urbanizing areas. The study emphasizes the need for targeted, ecologically informed agricultural policies to address these issues and improve WES management. The spatial mapping of LULC changes hotspots that are detrimental to WES and assists urban decision‐makers in the formulation of decentralized, participatory, and spatially targeted land use controls.
Traditional architectural knowledge systems and the sustainable development goals Elgar Companion to the Built Environment and the Sustainable Development Goals, 2024
Contextual Sensitivity in Architectural Design: Clarifying Concepts through Semantic Analysis and Expert Validation SB Athira, PK Amritha, K Chithra Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 40 (1), 66-82 , 2026 2026
A GIS-based methodology to identify priority areas for land use regulations-Case study of Kozhikode N Nazer, P Bimal, K Chithra Ecological Modelling 512, 111402 , 2026 2026
Clean Energy Transition in Emerging Economies: Exploring the Regional Maturity in Domestic Sector of India A Sudarsan, K Chithra, D Bendi Natural Resources Forum , 2026 2026
The role of energy management in transition towards green cities: a review A Sudarsan, K Chithra Environment, Development and Sustainability 27 (11), 26085-26107 , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
Re-envisioning India’s Silicon Valley as a Water-Sensitive City: Bengaluru V Prasad, K Chithra, P Bimal Urban Sustainability: Navigating Environmental Transition Challenges in … , 2025 2025
Defining and analysing traditional architectural knowledge systems: Components and guiding principles in Indian residential architecture through the lens of expertise SB Athira, PK Amritha, K Chithra Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge (IJTK) 24 (5), 432-442 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Possibilities of exploring experiential learning in studios through design-build program in architecture education FR Razak, K Chithra, S Kumar Architecture Education in the Changing World, 148-156 , 2025 2025
Decoding Namboothiri illams of Kerala: A shape grammar approach A Linas Fathima, K Chithra Environment and Planning B 52 (4), 841-862 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Cultural influences on the architecture of courtyard houses: insights from courtyard houses in Kerala, India A Linas Fathima, K Chithra J Int Soc Study Vernacul Settl [eISSN: 2738–2222] ISVS e-journal , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Modeling flood susceptibility on the onset of the Kerala floods of 2018 K Chithra, BV Binoy, P Bimal Environmental Earth Sciences 83 (4), 123 , 2024 2024 Citations: 14
A comprehensive literature review and bibliometric analysis on shape grammar theory and applications in architecture A Linas Fathima, K Chithra Int. J. Archit. Comput, 1-28 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Exploring vernacular architecture: Unravelling characteristics and typologies through expert survey L Fathima SCIentific RESearch and Information Technology , 2024 2024 Citations: 6
Framework for the application of ecosystem services based urban ecological carrying capacity assessment in the urban decision-making process N Nazer, K Chithra, P Bimal Environmental Challenges 13, 100745 , 2023 2023 Citations: 16
Traditional Building Knowledge Systems-A Path to Sustainability SB Athira, PK Amritha, K Chithra IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1210 (1), 012026 , 2023 2023 Citations: 5
An Appraisal of Kerala’s ‘Silverline Rail’Proposal: A Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment A Sudarsan, K Chithra, D Bendi International Geographical Union Thematic Conference, 22-35 , 2022 2022
Green Building Rating Systems from the prospect of sustainability dimensions through the building lifecycle N Lazar, K Chithra Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29 (34), 51054-51064 , 2022 2022 Citations: 13
Role of culture in sustainable development and sustainable built environment: A review N Lazar, K Chithra Environment, Development and Sustainability 24 (5), 5991-6031 , 2022 2022 Citations: 94
Spatial mapping of the flood-affected regions of Northern Kerala: a case study of 2018 Kerala floods K Chithra, BV Binoy, P Bimal Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 50 (4), 677-688 , 2022 2022 Citations: 9
Benchmarking critical criteria for assessing sustainability of residential buildings in tropical climate N Lazar, K Chithra Journal of Building Engineering 45, 103467 , 2022 2022 Citations: 32
Prioritization of sustainability dimensions and categories for residential buildings of tropical climate: A multi-criteria decision-making approach N Lazar, K Chithra Journal of Building Engineering 39, 102262 , 2021 2021 Citations: 29
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
A comprehensive literature review on development of Building Sustainability Assessment Systems N Lazar, K Chithra Journal of Building Engineering 32, 101450 , 2020 2020 Citations: 128
Role of culture in sustainable development and sustainable built environment: A review N Lazar, K Chithra Environment, Development and Sustainability 24 (5), 5991-6031 , 2022 2022 Citations: 94
Comprehensive bibliometric mapping of publication trends in the development of Building Sustainability Assessment Systems N Lazar, K Chithra Environment, Development and Sustainability 23 (4), 4899-4923 , 2021 2021 Citations: 89
Evaluation of sustainability criteria for residential buildings of tropical climate: The stakeholder perspective N Lazar, K Chithra Energy and Buildings 232, 110654 , 2021 2021 Citations: 39
Benchmarking critical criteria for assessing sustainability of residential buildings in tropical climate N Lazar, K Chithra Journal of Building Engineering 45, 103467 , 2022 2022 Citations: 32
Prioritization of sustainability dimensions and categories for residential buildings of tropical climate: A multi-criteria decision-making approach N Lazar, K Chithra Journal of Building Engineering 39, 102262 , 2021 2021 Citations: 29
Land use based modelling of solid waste generation for sustainable residential development in small/medium scale urban areas PP Anilkumar, K Chithra Procedia Environmental Sciences 35, 229-237 , 2016 2016 Citations: 22
Municipal solid waste management, a major impacted sector of urban environment due to residential land use activities-study of Kozhikode City K Chithra, PP Anilkumar, MA Naseer Procedia Environmental Sciences 35, 110-118 , 2016 2016 Citations: 21
Framework for the application of ecosystem services based urban ecological carrying capacity assessment in the urban decision-making process N Nazer, K Chithra, P Bimal Environmental Challenges 13, 100745 , 2023 2023 Citations: 16
Green building rating systems from the perspective of the three pillars of sustainability using point allocation method N Lazar, K Chithra Green Buildings and Sustainable Engineering: Proceedings of GBSE 2018, 151-165 , 2018 2018 Citations: 15
Modeling flood susceptibility on the onset of the Kerala floods of 2018 K Chithra, BV Binoy, P Bimal Environmental Earth Sciences 83 (4), 123 , 2024 2024 Citations: 14
Green Building Rating Systems from the prospect of sustainability dimensions through the building lifecycle N Lazar, K Chithra Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29 (34), 51054-51064 , 2022 2022 Citations: 13
Spatial mapping of the flood-affected regions of Northern Kerala: a case study of 2018 Kerala floods K Chithra, BV Binoy, P Bimal Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 50 (4), 677-688 , 2022 2022 Citations: 9
The role of energy management in transition towards green cities: a review A Sudarsan, K Chithra Environment, Development and Sustainability 27 (11), 26085-26107 , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
Quantification of residential land use characteristics from an impact generation potential perspective K Chithra, PP Anilkumar, MA Naseer Indian Journal of Science and Technology 8 (28), 1-7 , 2015 2015 Citations: 7
Exploring vernacular architecture: Unravelling characteristics and typologies through expert survey L Fathima SCIentific RESearch and Information Technology , 2024 2024 Citations: 6
Land use generator based solid waste estimation for sustainable residential built environment in small/medium scale urban areas PP Anilkumar, K Chithra Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9 (6), 1-7 , 2016 2016 Citations: 6
Traditional Building Knowledge Systems-A Path to Sustainability SB Athira, PK Amritha, K Chithra IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1210 (1), 012026 , 2023 2023 Citations: 5
Decentralised solid waste management for Kozhikode corporation-A sustainable approach. K Chithra, S Yoonus Environ. Waste Manag. Recycl 4 (1), 1-4 , 2021 2021 Citations: 4
Investigation of key criteria influencing the sustainability of residential buildings in tropical climate N Lazar, K Chithra IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 588 (2), 022016 , 2020 2020 Citations: 3