Inertia in Converter-Dominated Microgrids: Control Strategies and Estimation Techniques Fabio A. González, Johnny Posada, Bruno W. França, Julio C. Rosas-Caro Electricity, 2025 This scoping review analyzes the role of inertia in converter-dominated microgrids, with an emphasis on hybrid AC/DC architectures. Following the PRISMA-ScR methodology, 54 studies published between 2015 and 2025 were identified, screened, and synthesized. The review addresses two key aspects, inertia estimation methods and control strategies for emulating inertia via power converters, emphasizing the role of the interlinking converter (ILC) as a bidirectional interface for inertia support between the AC and DC subsystems. This work addresses several limitations of prior reviews: their narrow scope, often overlooking advanced data-driven approaches such as machine learning; the lack of systematic classifications, hindering a comprehensive overview of existing methods; and the absence of practical guidance on selecting appropriate techniques for specific conditions. The findings show that conventional estimation methods are insufficient for low-inertia grids, necessitating adaptive and data-driven approaches. Virtual inertia emulation strategies—such as Virtual Synchronous Machines, Virtual Synchronous Generators, Synchronverters, and ILC-based controls—offer strong potential to enhance frequency stability but remain challenged by scalability, adaptability, and robustness. The review highlights critical research gaps and future directions to guide the development of resilient hybrid microgrid control strategies.
A review on VSC-HVDC control schemes Juan Ramón Camarillo-Peñaranda, Ana Carolina Cunha, Bruno W. França, Francis de Abreu Oliveira, Luan de Oliveira Senna Annual Reviews in Control, 2025
Analysis of an IGBT Behavioral Electrothermal Model Marília Silva, Alexandre Bitencourt, Bruno Wanderley França, Guilherme Gonçalves Sotelo, Andrei Braz Krstic Cobep 2023 17th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and Spec 2023 8th IEEE Southern Power Electronics Conference Proceedings, 2023
Performance Analysis of MMC-HVDC Systems in the Presence of AC Faults Matheus Tardin, André T. Queiroz, Victor S. Monteiro, Bruno W. França, Paulo Henrique B. S. Pinheiro Cobep 2023 17th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and Spec 2023 8th IEEE Southern Power Electronics Conference Proceedings, 2023
Synchronverter to damp multiple electromechanical oscillations E van Emmerik, B França, A Castro, G Gontijo, D Oliveira, et al. Advances in Power and Energy Engineering Proceedings of the 8th Asia Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference Appeec 2016, 2016
Frequency switching analysis of an iUPQC with hardware-in-the-loop development tool Proceedings of the 2011 14th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications EPE 2011, 2011
Robust positive-sequence detector algorithm Joao A. Moor Neto, Lisandro Lovisolo, Bruno W. Franca, Mauricio Aredes IECON Proceedings Industrial Electronics Conference, 2009
Analysis of line distance elements for various IBR controllers and system conditions PH Pinheiro, BW França, Y Lopes, S Chakraborty, RG Bainy, H Lei, ... Electric Power Systems Research 252, 112370 , 2026 2026 Citations: 4
Data-driven parameterization of fault detection algorithms in high voltage direct current systems using classification trees JR Camarillo-Peñaranda, GCB Leal, BW França, KM e Silva Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 162, 112776 , 2025 2025
Fault-Tolerant Operation of Star-and Delta-Connected Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverters: A Comparative Study CA Munoz, CR Baier, JC Hernández, VS Monteiro, BW França, ... 2025 22nd International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computing … , 2025 2025
Inertia in converter-dominated microgrids: Control strategies and estimation techniques J Posada Contreras, FA González, BW França, JC Rosas-Caro MDPI , 2025 2025
Inertia in Converter-Dominated Microgrids: Control Strategies and Estimation Techniques FA González, J Posada, BW França, JC Rosas-Caro Electricity 6 (4), 58 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Investigation of Voltage Control Using D-STATCOMs in a Distribution Network with High PV Penetration AA da Silva, BW França 2025 Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), 1-4 , 2025 2025
Comparative Analysis of Current and Voltage Reference Synchronverter Control Strategies Y Couto, BW França, LF Encarnação, VS Monteiro, TS Amorim, M Liserre, ... 2025 Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), 1-6 , 2025 2025
Mitigation of Harmonic Distortion and Voltage Fluctuation From Portable Welding Machines in Shipboard Power Systems F da C. Gomes, GG Sotelo, BW França 2025 Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), 1-6 , 2025 2025
Cryogenic Operation of a 1200V/300A IGBT Module: Static and Dynamic Experimental Characterization M Caruso, MMAN e Silva, AA Bitencourt, GG Sotelo, BW França 2025 Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), 1-6 , 2025 2025
Impacto da Adoção de Topologia Híbrida Para os Bipolos 1 e 2 da Usina de Belo Monte na Interação entre os Elos HVDC do Sistema Interligado Nacional JM Neto, G Cynamon, J Ferreira, B Chuco, B França Simpósio Brasileiro de Automação Inteligente-SBAI , 2025 2025
Enabling Hardware-In-the-Loop for Digital Substations: Virtual Protection Tester AAZ Soares, PHBS Pinheiro, BW França, Y Lopes, NC Fernandes, ... 2025 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), 1-6 , 2025 2025
Networked Power Converter Control Under Communication Uncertainties: Modbus TCP vs. IEC 61850 SV Protocols GS Scofano, BD Besheli, S Pugliese, BW França, M Liserre 2025 IEEE Kiel PowerTech, 1-6 , 2025 2025
Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica e de Telecomunicações GN Nunes UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE , 2025 2025
Thermal effects due to harmonics on dry-type transformers: Impact of filters and phase angles MC Costa, MZ Fortes, GG Sotelo, BW França Measurement: Energy 6, 100045 , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
H-Bridge Cell Fault Clearing Algorithm JM Rojas¹, CR Baier, EI Marciel¹, BW França, JC Hernández Smart Cities: 7th Ibero-American Congress, ICSC-CITIES 2024, San Carlos … , 2025 2025
Inertia in Converter-Dominated Microgrids: Control Strategies and Estimation Techniques. Electricity 2025, 6, 58 FA González, J Posada, BW França, JC Rosas-Caro measurements (analytical) 49, 50 , 2025 2025
A review on VSC-HVDC control schemes JR Camarillo-Penaranda, AC Cunha, BW Franca, F de Abreu Oliveira, ... Annual Reviews in Control 59, 100988 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Metaverse framework for power systems: Proposal and case study C Menezes, H Cunha, G Siqueira, M Santos, B França, Y Lopes Electric Power Systems Research 237, 111039 , 2024 2024 Citations: 10
Voltage Assessment in a Distribution Network with Single-Phase Distributed Generation VS Monteiro, YB Couto, MZ Fortes, BW França, JC Hernandez 2024 IEEE URUCON, 1-5 , 2024 2024
Phase Commutation Strategy to Mitigate Overvoltage in Distribution Networks with High Photovoltaic Penetration VS Monteiro, YB Couto, TP Abud, BW França, JC Hernández Ibero-American Congress of Smart Cities, 334-345 , 2024 2024
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Two‐layer coordinated energy management method in the smart distribution network including multi‐microgrid based on the hybrid flexible and securable operation strategy MH Sabzalian, S Pirouzi, M Aredes, B Wanderley Franca, ... International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (1), 3378538 , 2022 2022 Citations: 100
An improved iUPQC controller to provide additional grid-voltage regulation as a STATCOM BW França, LF da Silva, MA Aredes, M Aredes IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 62 (3), 1345-1352 , 2014 2014 Citations: 95
A review of superconducting fault current limiters compared with other proven technologies GG Sotelo, G dos Santos, F Sass, BW França, DHN Dias, MZ Fortes, ... Superconductivity 3, 100018 , 2022 2022 Citations: 90
Robust model predictive rotor current control of a DFIG connected to a distorted and unbalanced grid driven by a direct matrix converter GF Gontijo, TC Tricarico, BW Franca, LF Da Silva, EL Van Emmerik, ... IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 10 (3), 1380-1392 , 2018 2018 Citations: 55
Modeling, control, and experimental verification of a DFIG with a series-grid-side converter with voltage sag, unbalance, and distortion compensation capabilities GF Gontijo, TC Tricarico, LF da Silva, D Krejci, BW França, M Aredes, ... IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 56 (1), 584-600 , 2019 2019 Citations: 52
Comparisons between the UPQC and its dual topology (iUPQC) in dynamic response and steady-state BW França, M Aredes IECON 2011-37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society … , 2011 2011 Citations: 42
A survey on extended reality, digital twins, and metaverse applications in power systems C Menezes, B França, Y Lopes IEEE Internet of Things Journal 11 (21), 34953-34977 , 2024 2024 Citations: 32
Comparison between alpha-beta and DQ-PI controller applied to IUPQC operation BW França, LF da Silva, M Aredes XI Brazilian Power Electronics Conference, 306-311 , 2011 2011 Citations: 27
Wind and photovoltaic power generation integrated to power grid through dc link and synchronverter BW França, AR De Castro, M Aredes 2015 IEEE 13th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and 1st Southern Power … , 2015 2015 Citations: 20
An enhanced shunt active filter based on synchronverter concept BW França, M Aredes, LF da Silva, GF Gontijo, TC Tricarico, J Posada IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 10 (1 … , 2021 2021 Citations: 19
Frequency switching analysis of an iUPQC with hardware-in-the-loop development tool BW França, LGB Rolim, M Aredes Proceedings of the 2011 14th European Conference on Power Electronics and … , 2011 2011 Citations: 19
A synchronverter to damp electromechanical oscillations in the Brazilian transmission grid EL Van Emmerik, BW França, M Aredes 2015 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), 221-226 , 2015 2015 Citations: 18
Fuzzy adaptive P&O control for MPPT of a photovoltaic module MA Aredes, BW França, M Aredes Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2 (04), 120 , 2014 2014 Citations: 18
A novel stator voltage distortion and unbalance compensation of a DFIG with series grid side converter using adaptive resonant controllers G Gontijo, T Tricarico, D Krejci, B França, M Aredes 2017 Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), 1-6 , 2017 2017 Citations: 17
Hardware-in-the-loop evaluation of DSP-controlled converters LGB Rolim, UA Miranda, BW França, RM Fernandes, M Aredes 2009 Brazilian Power Electronics Conference, 805-809 , 2009 2009 Citations: 17
Analysis and experimental tests of a solid-state fault current limiter A Bitencourt, C Nogueira, G dos Santos, DHN Dias, BW França, F Sass, ... Electrical engineering 105 (5), 3219-3228 , 2023 2023 Citations: 13
A Novel Configuration for Resistive SFCL with bifilar 2G tapes GG Sotelo, G dos Santos, FGR Martins, F Sass, LMM Rocha, ... Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1559 (1), 012098 , 2020 2020 Citations: 13
Sliding droop control for distributed generation in microgrids BW França, EL van Emmerik, JF Caldeira, M Aredes Eletrônica de Potência 22 (4), 429-439 , 2017 2017 Citations: 12
Resonant harmonic compensation for synchronverter, integrating wind and photovoltaic power generation into an electrical grid, case study: Nonlinear and unbalanced load J Caicedo, AR De Castro, B França, M Aredes 2017 Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), 1-6 , 2017 2017 Citations: 12
Grid synchronization system for power converters JAM Neto, L Lovisolo, BW França, M Aredes 2009 Brazilian Power Electronics Conference, 749-755 , 2009 2009 Citations: 11