Correction: Racial disparity in mortality from tuberculosis in the US between states with and without a history of Jim-Crow laws: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and risk factors study, 1990 to 2019 (BMC Public Health, (2024), 24, 1, (3075), 10.1186/s12889-024-20522-9) Philimon N. Gona, Lorena M. Estrada‑Martinez, Lingling Zhang, Clara M. Gona, Aaloke Mody, Sowmya R. Rao, Joseph Cooper, Kibibi Mack‑Shelton, Ping Chen, Suzanne G. Leveille, Ali H. Mokdad, , Gdiom Gebreheat Abady, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Meriem Abdoun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo, Oyelola A. Adegboye, Victor Adekanmbi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Olufemi Ajumobi, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Yazan Al Thaher, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M. Alanzi, Abdelazeem M. Algammal, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Shohreh Alian Samakkhah, Rasoul Alimi, Yousef Alimohamadi, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sami Almustanyir, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Hany Aly, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Sohrab Amiri, Tadele Fentabel Anagaw, Biniyam Demisse Andarge, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Muhammad Aqeel, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A. Artamonov, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Umesh Raj Aryal, Mulu Tiruneh Asemu, Saeed Asgary, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout, Sachin R. Atre, Alok Atreya, Avinash Aujayeb, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Sina Azadnajafabad, Hosein Azizi, Darshan B B, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D. Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Atif Amin Baig, Shankar M. Bakkannavar, Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Azadeh Bashiri, Sanjay Basu, Saurav Basu, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Derrick A. Bennett, Kebede A. Beyene, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Saeid Bitaraf, Milad Bonakdar Hashemi, Souad Bouaoud, Danilo Buonsenso, Zahid A. Butt, Rosario Cárdenas, Andre F. Carvalho, Ester Cerin, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Wai Tong Chien, Patrick R. Ching, Abdulaal Chitheer, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, Hitesh Chopra, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Bashir Dabo, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Andreas K. Demetriades, Solomon Demissie, Xinlei Deng, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Hoa Thi Do, Thanh Chi Do, Deepa Dongarwar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Islam Y. Elgendy, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Destaw Endeshaw, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Farshid Etaee, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Andre Faro, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Ali Fatehizadeh, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Pietro Ferrara, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Behzad Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Yaseen Galali, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Birhanu Genanew, Amir Ghaderi, Kazem Ghaffari, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Ghozali Ghozali, Sherief Ghozy, Tiffany K. Gill, Themba G. Ginindza, Kimiya Gohari, Mohamad Goldust, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Alessandra C. Goulart, Michal Grivna, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Samer Hamidi, Mohammad Hamiduzzaman, Asif Hanif, Shafiul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Hamidreza Hasani, Abdiwahab Hashi, Soheil Hassanipour, Khezar Hayat, Mohammad Heidari, Kamran Hessami, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Belal Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Salman Hussain, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja, Jalil Jaafari, Haitham Jahrami, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Bijay Mukesh Mukesh Jeswani, Ravi Prakash Jha, Jost B. Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Vidya Kadashetti, Dler H. Hussein Kadir, Feroze Kaliyadan, Rajesh Kamath, Bhushan Dattatray Kamble, Rami S. Kantar, Ibraheem M. Karaye, Samad Karkhah, Faizan Zaffar Kashoo, Gbenga A. Kayode, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Nauman Khalid, MNuruzzaman Khan, Taimoor Khan, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Shivakumar KM, Sonali Kochhar, Farzad Kompani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Estie Kruger, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Narinder Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Carlo La Vecchia, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Van Charles Lansingh, Kamaluddin Latief, Paolo Lauriola, Long Khanh-Dao Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Caterina Ledda, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Samson Mideksa Legesse, Stephen S. Lim, Xuefeng Liu, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, D. R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Ahmad Azam Malik, Muhammad Sajeel Ahmed Malik, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Anna Laura W. McKowen, Enkeleint A. Mechili, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ziad Ahmed Memish, Walter Mendoza, Oliver Mendoza-Cano, Ritesh G. Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ted R. Miller, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Moonis Mirza, Prasanna Mithra, Soheil Mohammadi, Abdulwase Mohammed, Hussen Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Fateme Montazeri, Yousef Moradi, Shane Douglas Morrison, Vincent Mougin, Sumaira Mubarik, Admir Mulita, Malaisamy Muniyandi, Efren Murillo-Zamora, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Saravanan Muthupandian, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Vinay Nangia, Shumaila Nargus, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Zuhair S. Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Ionut Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Dang Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Kehinde O. Obamiro, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Adeolu Olufunso Oladunjoye, Andrew T. Olagunju, Ahmed Omar Bali, Adrian Otoiu, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Claudia Palladino, Ashok Pandey, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Shahina Pardhan, Jay Patel, Aslam Ramjan Pathan, Shankargouda Patil, Shrikant Pawar, Minjin Peng, Marcos Pereira, Norberto Perico, Simone Perna, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Maarten J. Postma, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Ibrahim Qattea, Pankaja Raghav, Fakher Rahim, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Prateek Rastogi, Azad Rasul, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Nazila Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Jennifer Rickard, Leonardo Roever, Kunle Rotimi, Manjula S, Chandan S N, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Monalisha Sahu, Nasir Salam, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Abdallah M. Samy, Juan Sanabria, Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Francesco Sanmarchi, Yaser Sarikhani, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Ganesh Kumar Saya, David C. Schwebel, Binyam Tariku Seboka, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mohd Shanawaz, Vishal Sharma, Bereket Beyene Shashamo, Ali Sheidaei, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Jiabin Shen, Adithi Shetty, BSuresh Kumar Shetty, Kenji Shibuya, Mika Shigematsu, Reza Shirkoohi, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Wudneh Simegn, Harpreet Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, David A. Sleet, Ranjan Solanki, Yimeng Song, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Muhammad Suleman, Jing Sun, Mohammad Tabish, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Mircea Tampa, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Nathan Y. Tat, Birhan Tsegaw Taye, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Daniel Teshome, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Rekha Thapar, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Amir Tiyuri, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Bach Xuan Tran, Irfan Ullah, Muhammad Umair, Era Upadhyay, Benjamin SChudi Uzochukwu, Pascual R. Valdez, Shoban Babu Varthya, Massimiliano Veroux, Jorge Hugo Villafañe, Linh Vu, Yasir Waheed, Yanzhong Wang, Marcia R. Weaver, Ronny Westerman, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Hong Xiao, Sanni Yaya, Pengpeng Ye, Siyan Yi, Paul Yip, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Fathiah Zakham, Leila Zaki, Iman Zare, Kourosh Zarea, Elham Zarenezhad, Michael Zastrozhin, Haijun Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Sanjay Zodpey, Alimuddin Zumla BMC Public Health, 2026 Following publication of the original article [1], the authors added the members of the institutional author group GBD 2019 US TB Racial Disparity Collaborators. The members are listed below. Prof Philimon N Gona, Prof Lorena M Estrada-Martinez, Lingling Zhang, Clara M Gona, Aaloke Mody, Sowmya R Rao, Prof Joseph Cooper, Kibibi Mack-Shelton, Prof Ping Chen, Prof Suzanne Leveille, Gdiom Gebreheat Abady, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Prof Meriem Abdoun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Prof Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo, Prof Oyelola A Adegboye, Victor Adekanmbi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Prof Saira Afzal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Olufemi Ajumobi, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Yazan Al Thaher, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Prof Turki M Alanzi, Prof Abdelazeem M Algammal, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Shohreh Alian Samakkhah, Rasoul Alimi, Yousef Alimohamadi, Prof Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sami Almustanyir, Khalid A Altirkawi, Prof Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Prof Hany Aly, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Prof Tarek Tawfik Amin, Sohrab Amiri, Tadele Fentabel Anagaw, Biniyam Demisse Andarge, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Muhammad Aqeel, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Umesh Raj Aryal, Mulu Tiruneh Asemu, Prof Saeed Asgary, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Sachin R Atre, Alok Atreya, Avinash Aujayeb, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Sina Azadnajafabad, Prof Hosein Azizi, Darshan B B, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Atif Amin Baig, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Prof Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, Prof Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Azadeh Bashiri, Sanjay Basu, Saurav Basu, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Prof Derrick A Bennett, Kebede A Beyene, Nikha Bhardwaj, Prof Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Prof Saeid Bitaraf, Milad Bonakdar Hashemi, Prof Souad Bouaoud, Danilo Buonsenso, Zahid A Butt, Prof Rosario Cárdenas, Andre F Carvalho, Prof Ester Cerin, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Prof Akhilanand Chaurasia, Prof Wai Tong Chien, Patrick R Ching, Abdulaal Chitheer, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, Hitesh Chopra, Prof Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Prof Natalia Cruz-Martins, Bashir Dabo, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Andreas K Demetriades, Solomon Demissie, Xinlei Deng, Prof Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Hoa Thi Do, Thanh Chi Do, Deepa Dongarwar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Prof Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Islam Y Elgendy, Prof Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Destaw Endeshaw, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Farshid Etaee, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Andre Faro, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Ali Fatehizadeh, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Pietro Ferrara, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Prof Behzad Foroutan, Prof Takeshi Fukumoto, Prof Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Yaseen Galali, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Birhanu Genanew, Amir Ghaderi, Kazem Ghaffari, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Ghozali Ghozali, Sherief Ghozy, Tiffany K Gill, Themba G Ginindza, Kimiya Gohari, Mohamad Goldust, Prof Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Prof Davide Golinelli, Prof Alessandra C Goulart, Prof Michal Grivna, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Prof Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Prof Rabih Halwani, Prof Samer Hamidi, Mohammad Hamiduzzaman, Asif Hanif, Shafiul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Hamidreza Hasani, Abdiwahab Hashi, Soheil Hassanipour, Khezar Hayat, Mohammad Heidari, Kamran Hessami, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Belal Hossain, Prof Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Prof Sorin Hostiuc, Salman Hussain, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Prof Milena D Ilic, Prof Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja, Jalil Jaafari, Haitham Jahrami, Prof Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Bijay Mukesh Mukesh Jeswani, Ravi Prakash Jha, Prof Jost B Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Vidya Kadashetti, Prof Dler H. Hussein Kadir, Feroze Kaliyadan, Rajesh Kamath, Bhushan Dattatray Kamble, Rami S Kantar, Ibraheem M Karaye, Samad Karkhah, Prof Faizan Zaffar Kashoo, Gbenga A Kayode, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Nauman Khalid, M Nuruzzaman Khan, Taimoor Khan, Prof Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Prof Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Prof Shivakumar KM, Sonali Kochhar, Prof Farzad Kompani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Ai Koyanagi, Prof Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Estie Kruger, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Prof Narinder Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Prof Carlo La Vecchia, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Prof Van Charles Lansingh, Kamaluddin Latief, Paolo Lauriola, Long Khanh-Dao Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Prof Caterina Ledda, Wei-Chen Lee, Prof Yo Han Lee, Samson Mideksa Legesse, Prof Stephen S Lim, Prof Xuefeng Liu, Prof Giancarlo Lucchetti, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, D. R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Prof Razzagh Mahmoudi, Prof Elaheh Malakan Rad, Prof Ahmad Azam Malik, Muhammad Sajeel Ahmed Malik, Prof Deborah Carvalho Malta, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Anna Laura W McKowen, Prof Enkeleint A Mechili, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Prof Ziad Ahmed Memish, Walter Mendoza, Prof Oliver Mendoza-Cano, Prof Ritesh G Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ted R Miller, Prof Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Moonis Mirza, Prasanna Mithra, Soheil Mohammadi, Abdulwase Mohammed, Hussen Mohammed, Prof Shafiu Mohammed, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Fateme Montazeri, Yousef Moradi, Shane Douglas Morrison, Vincent Mougin, Prof Sumaira Mubarik, Admir Mulita, Malaisamy Muniyandi, Efren Murillo-Zamora, Prof Kamarul Imran Musa, Prof Ghulam Mustafa, Prof Saravanan Muthupandian, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Vinay Nangia, Shumaila Nargus, Prof Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Prof Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Ionut Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Dang Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Prof Bogdan Oancea, Kehinde O Obamiro, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Adeolu Olufunso Oladunjoye, Prof Andrew T Olagunju, Ahmed Omar Bali, Adrian Otoiu, Prof Mayowa O Owolabi, Prof Mahesh P A, Prof Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Claudia Palladino, Ashok Pandey, Prof Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal, Prof Shahina Pardhan, Jay Patel, Aslam Ramjan Pathan, Prof Shankargouda Patil, Shrikant Pawar, Minjin Peng, Prof Marcos Pereira, Norberto Perico, Prof Simone Perna, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Prof Maarten J Postma, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Ibrahim Qattea, Prof Pankaja Raghav, Prof Fakher Rahim, Prof Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Prof Mosiur Rahman, Prof Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Sowmya J Rao, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Prof Prateek Rastogi, Azad Rasul, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Prof Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Prof Elrashdy M. Redwan, Prof Giuseppe Remuzzi, Nazila Rezaei, Prof Nima Rezaei, Prof Mohsen Rezaeian, Jennifer Rickard, Prof Leonardo Roever, Kunle Rotimi, Manjula S, Chandan S N, Prof Basema Ahmad Saddik, Prof Mohammad Reza Saeb, Prof Umar Saeed, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Monalisha Sahu, Nasir Salam, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Abdallah M Samy, Prof Juan Sanabria, Prof Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Francesco Sanmarchi, Yaser Sarikhani, Prof Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Ganesh Kumar Saya, David C Schwebel, Binyam Tariku Seboka, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mohd Shanawaz, Vishal Sharma, Bereket Beyene Shashamo, Ali Sheidaei, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Jiabin Shen, Adithi Shetty, Prof B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Prof Kenji Shibuya, Mika Shigematsu, Reza Shirkoohi, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Prof Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Wudneh Simegn, Harpreet Singh, Prof Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Prof David A Sleet, Ranjan Solanki, Yimeng Song, Prof Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Muhammad Suleman, Prof Jing Sun, Mohammad Tabish, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Mircea Tampa, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Prof Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Nathan Y Tat, Birhan Tsegaw Taye, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Daniel Teshome, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Rekha Thapar, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Amir Tiyuri, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Prof Bach Xuan Tran, Irfan Ullah, Prof Muhammad Umair, Era Upadhyay, Prof Benjamin S Chudi Uzochukwu, Prof Pascual R Valdez, Shoban Babu Varthya, Prof Massimiliano Veroux, Jorge Hugo Villafañe, Linh Vu, Prof Yasir Waheed, Prof Yanzhong Wang, Prof Marcia R Weaver, Ronny Westerman, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Hong Xiao, Prof Sanni Yaya, Pengpeng Ye, Prof Siyan Yi, Prof Paul Yip, Prof Naohiro Yonemoto, Prof Chuanhua Yu, Fathiah Zakham, Leila Zaki, Iman Zare, Prof Kourosh Zarea, Elham Zarenezhad, Prof Michael Zastrozhin, Haijun Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Prof Sanjay Zodpey, Prof Alimuddin Zumla, Prof Ali H Mokdad. The original article [1] has been updated.
Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, its risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 Sarah Brooke Sirota, Rose Grace Bender, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Avina Vongpradith, Amanda Movo, Lucien R Swetschinski, Daniel T Araki, Chieh Han, Eve E Wool, Ahmed A.J. Jabbar, Mohammad Amin Aalipour, Hasan Aalruz, Madineh Abbasi, Mitra Abbasifard, Faezeh Abbaspour, Hedayat Abbastabar, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Mohammed Altigani Abdalla, Emad M. Abdallah, Nadin M.I. Abdel Razeq, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Omar Ahmed Abdelwahab, Meriem Abdoun, Arman Abdous, Mostafa M. Abdrabou, Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Auwal Abdullahi, Abisola Esther Abdulmalik, Rezheen Fatah Abdulrahman, Toufik Abdul-Rahman, Armita Abedi, Asrat Agalu Abejew, Syed Hani Abidi, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Olumide Abiodun, Rahim Abo Kasem, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Abdullahi Tunde Aborode, Nagah M. 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Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Mushood Ahmed, Naveed Ahmed, Nesredin Ahmed, Shabbir Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe, Marjan Ajami, Budi Aji, Yonas Akalu, Oluwasefunmi Akeju, Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe, Ruslan Akhmedullin, Mukadas Oyeniran Akindele, Karolina Akinosoglou, Yagiz Matthew Akiska, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Hammad Akram, Ashley E. Akrami, Salah Al Awaidy, Hanadi Al Hamad, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Omar Al Omari, Mohammad Al Qadire, Yazan Al Thaher, Mohammad Ahmmad Mahmoud Al Zoubi, Yazan Al-Ajlouni, Tariq A. Alalwan, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Mostafa Alam, Zufishan Alam, Rasmieh Mustafa Al-amer, Amani Alansari, Turki M. Alanzi, Abdullah Alarifi, Fahmi Y. Al-Ashwal, Rashid Alavi, Mohammed Albashtawy, Laila Ismael Al-Daken, Khalifah A. Aldawsari, Abdulelah Mastour Aldhahir, Mohammed S. Aldossary, Shereen M. 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Al-Tammemi, Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Hassan Alwafi, Mohammad Al-Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Amal AlZahmi, Hosam Alzahrani, Abdallah Alzoubi, Karem H. Alzoubi, Md Akib Al-Zubayer, Ekiyor Joseph Amafah, Joy Amafah, Reza Amani-Beni, Mobina Amanollahi, Sampath Kumar Amaravadi, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Prince M. Amegbor, Michel Adurayi Amenah, Bardia Amidi, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Alireza Amindarolzarbi, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, Ehsan Amini-Salehi, Arya Aminorroaya, Majid Aminzare, Sohrab Amiri, Enrico Ammirati, Ayodeji Amobonye, Sabina Ampon-Wireko, Hubert Amu, Dickson A. Amugsi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Filippos Anagnostakis, Roshan A. Ananda, Nazanin Anaraki, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, David B. Anderson, Jason A. Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Song Peng Ang, Santhalakshmi Angappan, Nguyen Hoang Anh, Abhishek Anil, Sumbul Ansari, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Rahel Mulatie Anteneh, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Saeid Anvari, Saleha Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Francis Appiah, Juan Pablo Arab, Jalal Arabloo, Elshaimaa A. Arafa, Mosab Arafat, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Olatunde Aremu, Jorge Arias de la Torre, Benedetta Armocida, Jesu Arockiaraj, Mahwish Arooj, Mahdi Arshadi, Anton A. Artamonov, Ashokan Arumugam, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq, Shewatatek Melaku Melaku Asefa, Amirhossein Asgary, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Alebachew Fasil Ashagre, Akram Ashames, Muhammad Ashfaq, Hamza Ashraf, Muhammad Abdul Basit Ashraf, Tahira Ashraf, mitra ashrafi, Muhammad Shahzad Aslam, Anemaw A. Asrat, Yuni Asri, Dereje Zewdu Assefa, Batyrbek Assembekov, Prof Thomas Astell-Burt, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Alok Atreya, Julie Alaere Atta, Khursheed Aurangzeb, Marcel Ausloos, Sreekant Avula, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe, Oluwabusayo Olufunke Awoyomi, Wisdom Kudzo Axame, Belete Achamyelew Ayele, Mohammed Ayyad, Sina Azadnajafabad, Arian Azadnia, Hiva Azami, Alireza Azarboo, Masood Azhar, Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Amin Azizan, Hosein Azizi, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Domenico Azzolino, Abisola Esther Babatope, Abraham Samuel Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu, Muhammad Badar, Alaa Aboelnour Badran, Arvind Bagga, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagheri, Elahe Baghizadeh, Fereshteh Baghizadeh, Sana Baghizadeh, Pegah Bahrami Taghanaki, Razieh Bahreini, Ruhai Bai, Lovenish Bains, Shankar M. Bakkannavar, Abdulaziz T. Bako, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Madhan Balasubramanian, Wondu Feyisa Balcha, Marzia Baldereschi, Maher Balkis, Farhala Baloch, Saliu A. Balogun, Mohammadreza Balooch Hasankhani, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Kiran Bam, Kondwani Joseph Banda, Praneeth Kumar Reddy Bandaru, Palash Chandra Banik, Rajon Banik, Hansi Bansal, Kannu Bansal, Shirin Barati, Franca Barbic, Mainak Bardhan, Noel C. Barengo, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Sandra Barteit, Lingkan Barua, MD Abu Bashar, Shahid Bashir, Azadeh Bashiri, Somaye Bashiri Aliabadi, Rehana Basri, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Saurav Basu, Kavita Batra, Matteo Bauckneht, Mahdis Bayat, Reza Bayat, Mulat Tirfie Bayih, Feyisa Shasho Bayisa, Narasimha M. Beeraka, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Alehegn Bekele, Asnake Gashaw Belayneh, Abebe Gedefaw Belete, Abel Cherkos Belete, Gokce Belge Bilgin, Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Umar Muhammad Bello, Luis Belo, Yitayeh Belsti, Bright Benfor, Derrick A. Bennett, Isabela M. Bensenor, Samiun Nazrin Bente Kamal Tune, Catherine P. Benziger, Om Prakash Bera, Zombor Berezvai, Maria Bergami, Kenfe Tesfay Berhe, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Abiye Assefa Berihun, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Robert S. Bernstein, Ajeet Singh Bhadoria, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Buna Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee, Shuvarthi Bhattacharjee, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Rajbir Bhatti, Soumitra S. Bhuyan, Sibhatu Kassa Biadgilign, Can Bilgin, Cem Bilgin, Marina G. Birck, Mekuriaw Mesfin Birhan, Eshetie Melese Birru, Bijit Biswas, Mohammad Shahangir Biswas, Monirujjaman Biswas, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni, Tone Bjørge, Trupti Bodhare, Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin, Sitotaw Kerie Bogale, Lucimere Bohn, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Archith Boloor, Milad Bonakdar Hashemi, Moein Bonakdarhashemi, Berrak Bora Basara, Hamed Borhany, Mina Borran, Samuel Adolf Bosoka, Alejandro Botero Carvajal, Edward J. Boyko, Marija M. Bozic, Dejana Braithwaite, Luisa C. Brant, Michael Brauer, Susanne Breitner, Hermann Brenner, Keno K. Bressem, Gabrielle Britton, Raffaele Bugiardini, Linh Phuong Bui, Norma B. Bulamu, Lemma N. Bulto, Asmat Burhan, Claire V. Burley, Richard A. Burns, Felix Busch, Yasser Bustanji, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A. Butt, Sanjay C. J, Lucas Scotta Cabral, Rose Cairns, Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay, Daniela Calina, Luis Alberto Cámera, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Ismael Campos-Nonato, Robert A. Canales, Si Cao, Angelo Capodici, Jaime Alonso Caravaca-Morera, Rosario Cárdenas, Claudia Carletti, Giulia Carreras, Andrea Carugno, Felix Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Ana Paula Carvalho-e-Silva, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Alberico L. Catapano, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Luca Cegolon, Francieli Cembranel, Muthia Cenderadewi, Edina Cenko, Ester Cerin, Anis Cerovac, Sonia Cerrai, Joshua Chadwick, Madhu Chakkere Shivamadhu, Aditya Chakraborty, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan, Rama Mohan Chandika, Miyuru Chandradasa, Vinay Chandramouli Bellur, Eeshwar K. Chandrasekar, Qinghua Chang, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Sirshendu Chaudhuri, Mohammadreza Chavoshi, An-Tian Chen, Guangjin Chen, Haiyan Chen, Hana Chen, Haowei Chen, Meng Xuan Chen, Simiao Chen, Xiang Chen, Ka Ching Cheung, Derek S. Chew, Nicholas WS. Chew, Ravindresh Chhabra, Gerald Chi, Fatemeh Chichagi, Ritesh Chimoriya, Patrick R. Ching, Martina Chiriacò, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Abdulaal Chitheer, So Mi Jemma Cho, William C.S. Cho, Bryan Chong, Yuen Yu Chong, Hitesh Chopra, Shivani Chopra, Hou In Chou, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Rajiv Chowdhury, Sreshtha Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Sunghyun Chung, Iolanda Cioffi, Aaron J. Cohen, Alyssa Columbus, Joao Conde, Stephen E. Congly, Nathalie Conrad, Sara Conti, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Claudia Cosma, Vera Marisa Costa, Michael H. Criqui, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Alanna Gomes da Silva, Nour Dababo, Ali Dabbagh, Bashir Dabo, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Zhaoli Dai, Mayank Dalakoti, Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno, Emanuele D'Amico, Bardia Danaei, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Lucio D'Anna, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Samuel E. Danso, Samuel Demissie Darcho, Bahar Darouei, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Saswati Das, Mohadese Dashtkoohi, Dimash Davletov, Kairat Davletov, Kavinda Dayasiri, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Novonil Deb, Aniket Dehadrai, Cristian Del Bo', Marco Del Riccio, Mohammad Delsoz, Dessalegn Demeke, Ke Deng, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Meseret Derbew Molla, Ismail Dergaa, Hunegnaw Almaw Derseh, Emina Dervišević, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Rupak Desai, Abraham Aregay Desta, Keshab Deuba, Pradeep Kumar Devarakonda, Devananda Devegowda, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Arkadeep Dhali, Kuldeep Dhama, Prof Rajinder K K Dhamija, Meghnath Dhimal, Bibha Dhungel, Stefano Di Bella, Marcello Di Pumpo, Diana Dias da Silva, Luis Antonio Diaz, Adriana Dima, Xueting Ding, Huyen Do, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Orlando Luiz Luiz do Amaral do Amaral Júnior, Phidelia Theresa Doegah, Sushil Dohare, Klara Georgieva Dokova, Francesco Dondi, Mario D'Oria, Fariba Dorostkar, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Robert Kokou Dowou, Menayit Tamrat Dresse, Viola Savy Dsouza, Mi Du, John Dube, Emeka W. Dumbili, Bruce B. Duncan, Jennifer Dunne, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Siddhartha Dutta, Sulagna Dutta, Abdel Rahman E’mar, Osamudiamen Ebohon, Lamiaa Labieb Mahmoud Ebraheim, Alireza Ebrahimi, Mohammad Hossein Ebrahimi, Rasoul Ebrahimi, Sara Ebrahimi, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Behrad Eftekhari, Foolad Eghbali, Shayan Eghdami, Ashkan Eighaei Sedeh, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Rabie Adel El Arab, Doaa Abdel Wahab El Morsi, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Mohamed Ahmed Eladl, Ahmed Elabbas Mustafa Elagali, Aya Elalfy, Said El-Ashker, Faris El-Dahiyat, Islam Y. Elgendy, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Sherif Elkannishy, Mohamed A. Elmonem, Adel B. Elmoselhi, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Mohd Elmagzoub Eltahir, Amir Emami Zeydi, Theophilus I. Emeto, Talha Bin Emran, Reza Eshraghi, Khalil Eskandari, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Oghenowede Eyawo, Natalia Fabin, Heidar Fadavian, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Saman Fahimi, Aamir Fahira, Razana Faiz, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Luca Falzone, Qiping Fan, Alireza Farahani, Mohammad Farahmand, Seyed Nooreddin Faraji, Mahsa Faramarzpour, Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon, Mohammad Fareed, Jacopo Farina, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris, Andre Faro, Syed Muhammad Yousaf Farooq, Maryam Farooqui, Hossein Farrokhpour, Fatemeh Farshad, Farima Farsi, Zareen Fatima, Pooria Fazeli, Afrooz Feili, Alireza Feizkhah, Ginenus Fekadu, Xiaoqi Feng, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez, Abdullah H. Feroze, Pietro Ferrara, Nuno Ferreira, Natan Feter, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Claudio Fiorilla, Florian Fischer, Laura Fleszar, Luisa S. Flor, Federica Fogacci, Nataliya A. Foigt, Marco Fonzo, Arianna Fornari, Carla Fornari, Alina Ioana Forray, Daniela Fortuna, Matteo Foschi, Maryam Fotouhi, Florence Francis-Oliviero, Takeshi Fukumoto, Blima Fux, Peter Andras Gaal, Dominic Dormenyo Gadeka, Lebo Francina Gafane-Matemane, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Márió Gajdács, Emmanuela Gakidou, Yaseen Galali, Silvano Gallus, Balasankar Ganesan, Shivaprakash Gangachannaiah, Xiang Gao, Fernando Barroga Garcia, David Garcia-Azorin, Ravindra Kumar Garg, Vinod Kumar Garg, Jacopo Garlasco, Danijela Gasevic, Prem Gautam, Rupesh K. Gautam, Hong-Han Ge, Feven Sahle Gebre, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Alemayehu Digssie Digssie Gebremariam, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Bereket Gebremichael, Asmare Yitayeh Gelaw, Leta Adugna Geleta, Ali Gerami Matin, Gebremariam Wulie Geremew, Genanew K. Getahun, Kalab Yigermal Gete, Delaram J. Ghadimi, Fataneh Ghadirian, Kazem Ghaffari, Amir Ghaffari Jolfayi, Sulmaz Ghahramani, Alireza Ghajar, Arin Ghamkhar, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Shakiba Ghasemi Assl, Faeze Ghasemi Seproo, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Gloria Gheno, Sailaja Ghimire, Nermin Ghith, Zeinab Ghorbani, Artyom Urievich Gil, Syed Abdullah Gilani, Syed Amir Gilani, Nora M. Gilbertson, Tiffany K. Gill, Richard F. Gillum, Alem Abera Girmay, Alessandro Girombelli, Logan M. Glasstetter, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Laszlo Göbölös, Amit Goel, Lay Hoon Goh, Kimiya Gohari, Megha Nishith Gohil, Mohamad Goldust, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Mohsen Golkar, Mansueto Gomes-Neto, MReza Goodarzian, Abel Tibebu Goshu, Alessandra C. Goulart, Ernesto Ramos Gregorio, Michal Grivna, Ashna Grover, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Shi-Yang Guan, Zhongyang Guan, Giovanni Guarducci, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Avirup Guha, Stefano Guicciardi, Sheffali Gulati, Snigdha Gulati, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Sasidhar Gunturu, Qianyu Guo, Xingzhi Guo, Zheng Guo, Zhifeng Guo, Anish Kumar Gupta, Bhawna Gupta, Himanshu Gupta, Lalit Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Roberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo, Jose Guzman-Esquivel, Adrina Habibzadeh, Farrokh Habibzadeh, Abrham Tesfaye Tesfaye Habteyes, Awoke Derbie Habteyohannes, Mostafa Hadei, Najah R. Hadi, Zahra Hadian, Faraidoon Haghdoost, Dariush Haghmorad, Arian Haghtalab, Demewoz Haile, Haimanot Ewnetu Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Pritam Halder, Sobia Ahsan Halim, Rabih Halwani, Islam M. Hamad, Nadia M. Hamdy, Samer Hamidi, Erin B. Hamilton, Ahmad Hammoud, Mohammad Hamza, Umar Sabiu Hamza, Asif Hanif, Nasrin Hanifi, Graeme J. Hankey, Fahad Hanna, Moon Moon Haque, Obaid I. Haque, Habtamu Endashaw Hareru, Josep Maria Haro, Eka Mishbahatul Marah Has, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Faizul Hasan, Md Kamrul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Ali Hasanpour- Dehkordi, Maryam Hashemian, Zahra Hashempour, Mohammad Hashem Hashempur, Nada Tawfig Hashim, Md Saquib Hasnain, Amr Hassan, Ikrama Ibrahim Hassan, Md Imtaiyaz Hassan, Muhammad Hassan, Shoaib Hassan, Yusuf Wada Hassan Wada, Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Hadi Hassankhani, Johannes Haubold, Rasmus J. Havmoeller, Angie Hawat, Simon I. Hay, Guohua He, Jiawei He, Qiang He, Jeffrey J. Hebert, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Mohammad Ali Heidari Gorji, Mehdi Hemmati, Hamed Hesami, Sumudu Avanthi Hewage, Majid Heydari, Mojtaba Heydari, Kamal Hezam, Mitiku Desalegn Hikibu, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Young-Rock Hong, Ashley Mark Hopkins, Mehdi Hoseinzadeh, Alamgir Hossain, Lubna Hossain, Md Belal Hossain, Md Mahbub Hossain, Md Sabbir Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain, negin sadat hosseini mohammadi, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Priya Hotwani, Hanno Hoven, Mohamed Hsairi, Ben Hu, Chengxi Hu, Junjie Huang, Yu-Song Huang, Zunnan Huang, Tsegaye Gebreyes Hundie, Kiavash Hushmandi, Javid Hussain, M Azhar Hussain, Dursa Hussein, Mohamed Ibrahim Husseiny, Bing-Fang Hwang, Ivo Iavicoli, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Khalid S. Ibrahim, Ramzi Ibrahim, Umar Idris Ibrahim, Nayu Ikeda, Adalia Ikiroma, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Muhana Fawwazy Ilyas, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mustapha Immurana, Lucius Chidiebere Imoh, Arit Inok, Muhammad Iqhrammullah, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Benni Iskandar, Teresa R. Iskander, Md Fakrul Islam, Md Rabiul Islam, Md Sahidul Islam, Md Saiful Islam, Md Shariful Islam, Rakibul M. Islam, Faisal Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Yerlan Ismoldayev, Hiroyasu Iso, Gaetano Isola, Ramzy Issa, Mosimah Charles Ituka, Masao Iwagami, Assefa N. Iyasu, Jalil Jaafari, Louis Jacob, Ali Jafari-Khounigh, Shabbar Jaffar, Vennila Jaganathan, Nagaraj Jaganathasamy, Shafkat Jahan, Soodeh Jahangiri, Shima Jahani, Haitham Jahrami, Akhil Jain, Ayushi Jain, Pragati Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Swati Jaiswal, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ali Jaliliyan, Mohamed Jalloh, Armaan Jamal, Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Navid Jamali, Melika Jameie, Masoud Jamshidi, Rajiv Janardhanan, Nilofer Javadi, Syed Sarmad Javaid, Sepide Javankiani, Anita Javanmardi, Krishnamurthy Jayanna, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Shubha Jayaram, Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Seogsong Jeong, Bijay Mukesh Jeswani, Anil K. Jha, Zixiang Ji, Min Jiang, Wenyi Jin, Mohammad Jokar, Jost B. Jonas, Tamas Joo, Abu Jor, Jobin Jose, Jobinse Jose, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Kripa Josten, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Malik E. Juweid, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Vidya Kadashetti, Avan Kader, Md Lutful Kader, Dler Hussein Kadir, Jamilya Kaibullayeva, Ashish Kumar Kakkar, Leila R. Kalankesh, Sanjay Kalra, Manoj Kamal, Sivesh Kathir Kamarajah, Ashwin Kamath, Ibrahim Kamel, Arun Kamireddy, Naser Kamyari, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi, Haidong Kan, Mona Kanaan, Saddam Fuad Kanaan, Samuel Berchi Kankam, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Sushil Kumar Kansal, Rami S. Kantar, Sujita Kumar Kar, Efstratios Karagiannidis, Paschalis Karakasis, Jafar Karami, André Karch, Arian Kariman, Aliasghar Karimi, Hajar Karimtabar, Prabin Karki, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Tomasz M. Karpiński, Ayele Semachew Kasa, Derrick Kasozi, Hengameh Kasraei, Tigabu Hailu Kassa, Ahmad M. Kassar, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Mohammad Obadah Kattea, Sina Kazemian, Shemsu Kedir, Mohammad-Hossein Keivanlou, Jaimon Terence Kelly, Swetha N. Kempegowda, Ariz Keshwani, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Mohammad Keykhaei, Mohamad Mehdi Khadembashiri, Mohammad Amin Khadembashiri, Reza Khademi, Yousef Saleh Khader, Inn Kynn Khaing, Himanshu Khajuria, Mohammad Ali Khaksar, Nauman Khalid, Anees Ahmed Khalil, Pantea Khalili, Mohamed khalis, Ajmal Khan, Asaduzzaman Khan, Faiz Ullah Khan, Fayaz Khan, Iman Waheed Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Abdullah Saeed Khan, Moien AB. Khan, Muhammad Hamza Khan, Muhammad Mueed Khan, Muhammad Umer Khan, Salman Ali Khan, Serab Khan, Sumaiya Khan Khan, Ubaid Khan, Yusuf Saleem Khan, Vishnu Khanal, Zenith Khashim, Prof Khaled Khatab, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Afshin Khazaei, Khalid A. Kheirallah, Peyman Kheirandish Zarandi, Daniel Kheradmand, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Manoj Khokhar, Sunil Kumar Khokhar, Alireza Khoshrou, Parisa Khoshvaght, Atulya Aman Khosla, Ahmad Khosravi, Majid Khosravi, Sepehr Khosravi, Mahmood Khosrowjerdi, P Ratan Khuman, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Jinho Kim, Kwanghyun Kim, Sungroul Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Mika Kivimäki, Shivakumar KM, Nazarii Kobyliak, Robert Kogi, Erfan Kohansal, Michail Kokkorakis, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Dhaval Kolte, Farzad Kompani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Gerbrand Koren, Tapos Kormoker, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Oleksii Korzh, Michal Koscik, Karel Kostev, Nikhil Kothari, Yash Lalit Kothari, Ashwin Laxmikant Kotnis, Parvaiz A. Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, James-Paul Kretchy, Kewal Krishan, Varun Krishna, Zbigniew J. 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Talaat, Stella Talic, Mircea Tampa, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Mohammad Tanashat, Haosu Tang, Ekamol Tantisattamo, Gebrekidan Ewnetu Tarekegn, Saba Tariq, Kiarash Tavakoli, Seyed Mohammad Tavangar, Arian Tavasol, Abainash Tekola, Worku Animaw Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Masayuki Teramoto, Jay Tewari, Enoch Teye-Kwadjo, Azin Teymourzadeh, Prof Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rajshree Thapa, Rekha Thapar, Aravind Thavamani, Mahalakshmi Thayumana Sundaram, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Joe Thomas, Wei Tian, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Pramitha Gishan Tilakaratne, Krishna Tiwari, Madi Tleshev, Sojit Tomo, Prof Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topor-Madry, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Khaled Trabelsi, Nghia Minh Tran, Ngoc Ha Tran, Quynh Thuy Huong Tran, Tam Quoc Minh Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Domenico Trico, Indang Trihandini, Manjari Tripathi, Tulika Tripathi, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Quynh Xuan Nguyen Truong, Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen, Daniel Hsiang-Te Tsai, Gary Tse, Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini, Lawrence Sena Tuglo, Santhosh Kumar Tumkur Narayanappa, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Sok Cin Tye, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Inam Ulhaq, Atta Ullah, Saeed Ullah, Shahid Ullah, Muhammad Umair, Hauwa Onozasi Onozasi Umar, Lawan Umar, Muhammad Umar, Brigid Unim, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Dinesh Upadhya, Era Upadhyay, Dipan Uppal, Jeba Mahiad Urmey, Daniele Urso, Jibrin Sammani Usman, Silvia Ussai, Damla Ustunsoz, Dilber Uzun Ozsahin, Hande Uzunçıbuk, Nazim Uzzaman, Pratyusha Vadagam, Sanaz Vahdati, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Alireza Vakilian, Azin Vakilpour, Gelareh Valizadeh, Kim Robin van Daalen, Jef Van den Eynde, Joe Varghese, Ravi Prasad Varma, Shoban Babu Varthya, Santosh Varughese, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Srivatsa Surya Vasudevan, Balachandar Vellingiri, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Baskar Venkidasamy, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Dominique Vervoort, Mathavaswami Vijayageetha, Jorge Hugo Villafañe, Leonardo Villani, Sharath Chaitanya Vipparthy, Mukesh Vishwakarma, Vasily Vlassov, Simona Ruxandra Volovat, Mehdi Vosoughi, Elpida Vounzoulaki, Isidora S. Vujcic, Abubakar Sadiq Wada, Medha Wadhwa, Solomon T. Wafula, Yasir Waheed, Mugi Wahidin, Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Samer Wahood, Jin-Yi Wan, Kongjia Wang, Liang Wang, Minmin Wang, Nelson Wang, Shu Wang, Wei Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Mary Njeri Wanjau, Ahmed Bilal Waqar, Muhammad Waqas, Gizachew Tadesse Wassie, Kosala Gayan Weerakoon, Ishanka Weerasekara, Robert G. Weintraub, Ronny Westerman, Taweewat Wiangkham, Yohanes Cakrapradipta Wibowo, Anggi Lukman Wicaksana, Dakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Darshana Wickramasinghe, Karn Wijarnpreecha, Matthew Aldo Wijayanto, Angga Wilandika, Prof Peter Willeit, Andrew Awuah Wireko, Gemechu Kumera Wirtu, Marcin W. Wojewodzic, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Yohannes Chemere Wondmeneh, Florence Gyembuzie Wongnaah, Minichil Chanie Chanie Worku, Prof Felicia Wu, James Fan Wu, Jiayuan Wu, Junhui Wu, Zenghong Wu, Yihun Miskir Miskir Wubie, Lishun Xiao, Wanqing Xie, Site Xu, Wanqing Xu, Xiaoyue Xu, Mingyang Xue, Vikas Yadav, Mahnaz Yadollahi, Sajad Yaghoubi, Saba Yahoo (Syed), Galal Yahya, Xinxin Yang, Yuichiro Yano, Haiqiang Yao, Laiang Yao, Amir Yarahmadi, Debas Yaregal Melesse, Yuichi Yasufuku, Mohammadjavad Yavari, Sanni Yaya, Melesse Belayneh Yayeh, Pengpeng Ye, Meghdad Yeganeh, Ali Cem Yekdeş, Renjulal Yesodharan, Subah Abderehim Yesuf, Telksew Yelma Yezengaw, Saber Yezli, Siyan Yi, Dehui Yin, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Yoosik Youm, Zabihollah Yousefi, Shahrokh Yousefzadeh-Chabok, Chuanhua Yu, Hairui Yu, Yong Yu, Deniz Yuce, Ismaeel Yunusa, Umar Yunusa, Manijeh Zaghampour, Emilia Zainal Abidin, Dilmurat Zairov, Fathiah Zakham, Giulia Zamagni, Aurora Zanghì, Iman Zare, Shirin Zaresharifi, Yasaman Zarinfar, Michael Zastrozhin, Mohammed Zawiah, Mohammad Ali Zazouli, Mohammed G.M. Zeariya, Alemu Birara Birara Zemariam, Sebastian Zensen, Tiansong Zhan, Casper J.P. Zhang, Haijun Zhang, Jinpeng Zhang, Lin Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Xiaoyi Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Hanqing Zhao, Zhenping Zhao, David X. Zheng, Jinxin Zheng, Ming-Hua Zheng, Anthony Zhong, Jiayan Zhou, Juexiao Zhou, Shuduo Zhou, Xianghong Zhou, Xiao-Dong Zhou, Bin Zhu, Wei Zhu, Abzal Zhumagaliuly, Sebastian Ziegelmayer, Magdalena Zielińska, Ghazal Zoghi, Mohamed Ali Ali Zoromba, Prof Zhiyong Zou, Mohammed Zuber, Ahed H. Zyoud, Sa'ed H. Zyoud, Shaher H. Zyoud, Christopher J. L Murray, George A. Mensah, Gregory A. Roth Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2025
Knowledge Regarding Unsafe Abortion and Legalization of Abortion among Adolescents Mala Gupta, Esther Budha Magar, Ranjana Chaudhary, Ashya Parajuli, Ashok Pandey Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 2025 Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) defines abortion as pregnancy termination before 20 weeks gestation or a fetus born weighing less than 500gm. Nearly half of all abortions worldwide are unsafe. Each year more than one lakh abortions are done in Nepal and the number of women seeking abortion services is in increasing trend. It has been identified as one of the major public health problems in Nepal Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted among 448 adolescent students of grade 10 in 7 different schools of different municipalities in Sarlahi district. Simple random sampling using 50% prevalence and structured-self-administered questionnaires were used. Data was entered and analysed by using SPSS version 16.0.Results: Among all 448 respondents, it was found that 1.3% of them were married and only 41.3% of respondents had adequate knowledge of abortion, similarly only 46.2% know about its legalization in Nepal. Among them, the majority was male respondents but adequate knowledge of abortion was found high among females i.e. 51.14% and adequate knowledge of its legalization in Nepal was found high among males i.e. 58.75%. Conclusions: This is to conclude that, there is no significant relationship between different variable of respondents and their knowledge on Abortion and its legalization in Nepal. Keywords: Abortion; adolescents; knowledge; legalization; unsafe.
Global, regional, and national burden of asthma and atopic dermatitis, 1990–2021, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Jiyeon Oh, Soeun Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Atef Abdelkader, Parsa Abdi, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Dariush Abtahi, Hasan Abualruz, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Salahdein Aburuz, Mesafint Molla Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Olumide Thomas Adeleke, Bashir Aden, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saryia Adra, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Syed Anees Ahmed, Salah Al Awaidy, Mohamad Anas Al Bakour, Khurshid Alam, Mohammed Albashtawy, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Samah W Al-Jabi, Jaber S Alqahtani, Mohammad AlQudah, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Najim Z Alshahrani, Zaid Altaany, Awais Altaf, Alaa B Al-Tammemi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Hassan Alwafi, Mohammad Al-Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Alyahya, Karem H Alzoubi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Adnan Ansar, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Avinash Aujayeb, Lemessa Assefa A Ayana, Shahkaar Aziz, Ahmed Y Azzam, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Kavita Batra, Priyamadhaba Behera, Payam Behzadi, Michelle L Bell, Alice A Beneke, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Kebede A Beyene, Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Souad Bouaoud, Yasser Bustanji, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Paulo Camargos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Andrea Carugno, Muthia Cenderadewi, Sonia Cerrai, Sandip Chakraborty, Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan, Rama Mohan Chandika, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Esther T W Cheng, Fatemeh Chichagi, Ritesh Chimoriya, 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Sharifi Rad, Anupam Sharma, Manoj Sharma, Ali Sheidaei, Aziz Sheikh, Ramin Shekouhi, Manjunath Mala Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer Shenoy, Pavanchand H Shetty, Premalatha K Shetty, Aminu Shittu, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Yafei Si, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Amit Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Virendra Singh, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Farrukh Sobia, Shipra Solanki, Aayushi Sood, Soroush Soraneh, Joan B Soriano, Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy, Leo Stockfelt, Chandan Kumar Swain, Lukasz Szarpak, Mindy D Szeto, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Mohammad Tabish, Zanan Mohammed-Ameen Taha, Jabeen Taiba, Iman M Talaat, Mircea Tampa, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker-Kan Tan, Manoj Tanwar, Nathan Y Tat, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Rasiah Thayakaran, Mahalakshmi Thayumana Sundaram, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Sojit Tomo, Roman Topor-Madry, Jasmine T Tran, Ngoc Ha Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Abdul Rohim Tualeka, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Muhammad Umar, Era Upadhyay, Mario Valenti, Jef Van den Eynde, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Rafael José Vieira, Manish Vinayak, Francesco S Violante, Henok Toga Wada, Andrea Werdecker, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Lalit Yadav, Mukesh Kumar Yadav, Yazachew Yismaw, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Nazar Zaki, Michael Zastrozhin, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Hanqing Zhao, Hafsa Zia, Magdalena Zielinska, Jae Il Shin, Dong Keon Yon Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2025
Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Avina Vongpradith, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Jianing Ma, Samuel B Albertson, Amanda Novotney, Ibrahim A Khalil, Christopher E Troeger, Matthew C Doxey, Jorge R Ledesma, Sarah Brooke Sirota, Rose Grace Bender, Lucien R Swetschinski, Matthew Cunningham, Sandra Spearman, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Abdallah H A Abd Al Magied, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Meriem Abdoun, Bayeh Abera, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hasan Abualruz, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Hana J Abukhadijah, Salahdein Aburuz, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Victor Adekanmbi, Charles Oluwaseun Oluwaseun Adetunji, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Ripon Kumar Adhikary, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saryia Adra, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, Feleke Doyore Agide, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Saeed Ahmed, Karolina Akinosoglou, Ema Akter, Salah Al Awaidy, Muaaz M Alajlani, Khurshid Alam, Almaza Albakri, Mohammed Albashtawy, Wafa A Aldhaleei, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Abid Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sabah Al-Marwani, Joseph Uy Almazan, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Sami Almustanyir, Saleh A Alqahatni, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Rami H Al-Rifai, Mohammed A Alsabri, Awais Altaf, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Alyahya, Walid A Al-Zyoud, Dickson A Amugsi, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sebastien Antoni, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Saleha Anwar, Palwasha Anwari, Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Jalal Arabloo, Mosab Arafat, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Brhane Berhe Aregawi, Abdulfatai Aremu, Michael Benjamin Arndt, Akeza Awealom Asgedom, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Alok Atreya, Firayad Ayele, Davood Azadi, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Shahkaar Aziz, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu, Pegah Bahrami Taghanaki, Saeed Bahramian, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Biswajit Banik, Simachew Animen Bante, Mainak Bardhan, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Zarrin Basharat, Quique Bassat, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Saurav Basu, Prapthi Persis Bathini, Payam Behzadi, Maryam Beiranvand, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Apostolos Beloukas, Azizullah Beran, Dinesh Bhandari, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Hamed Borhany, Souad Bouaoud, Michael Brauer, Danilo Buonsenso, Zahid A Butt, Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay, Luis Alberto Cámera, Angelo Capodici, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Muthia Cenderadewi, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Fatemeh Chichagi, Patrick R Ching, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Hitesh Chopra, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Muhammad Chutiyami, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Samuel Demissie Darcho, Jai K Das, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Ivan Delgado-Enciso, Belay Desye, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Kuldeep Dhama, Meghnath Dhimal, Michael J Diaz, Thanh Chi Do, Sushil Dohare, Fariba Dorostkar, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Leila Doshmangir, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Abdel Rahman E'mar, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra, Hisham Atan Edinur, Defi Efendi, Ferry Efendi, Foolad Eghbali, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Ashraf A El-Metwally, Mohammed Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Chadi Eltaha, Babak Eshrati, Majid Eslami, Ayesha Fahim, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Mohammad Farahmand, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina, Modupe Margaret Fasina, Alireza Feizkhah, Ginenus Fekadu, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Takeshi Fukumoto, Blima Fux, Muktar A Gadanya, Santosh Gaihre, Márió Gajdács, Yaseen Galali, Aravind P Gandhi, Rupesh K Gautam, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Motuma Erena Getachew, Genanew K Getahun, Molla Getie, Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Sherief Ghozy, Artyom Urievich Gil, Alem Abera Girmay, Abraham Tamirat T Gizaw, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Philimon N Gona, Ayman Grada, Giovanni Guarducci, Mesay Dechasa Gudeta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Awoke Derbie Habteyohannes, Najah R Hadi, Samer Hamidi, Erin B Hamilton, Harapan Harapan, Md. Kamrul Hasan, S.M. Mahmudul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Md Saquib Hasnain, Ikrama Ibrahim Hassan, Jiawei He, Mehdi Hemmati, Kamal Hezam, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Junjie Huang, Hong-Han Huynh, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Kevin S Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Sumant Inamdar, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Haitham Jahrami, Akhil Jain, Nityanand Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Javad Javidnia, Shubha Jayaram, Mohammad Jokar, Jost B Jonas, Abel Joseph, Nitin Joseph, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Hannaneh Kabir, Dler H. Hussein Kadir, Md Moustafa Kamal, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Arun Kamireddy, Tanuj Kanchan, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Suthanthira Kannan S, Rami S Kantar, Jafar Karami, Prabin Karki, Hengameh Kasraei, Harkiran Kaur, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Alireza Khalilian, Faham Khamesipour, Gulfaraz Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Zeeshan Ali Khan, Vishnu Khanal, Khaled Khatab, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Amir M Khater, Khalid A Kheirallah, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Atulya Aman Khosla, Kwanghyun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Niranjan Kissoon, Desmond Klu, Sonali Kochhar, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Soewarta Kosen, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mohammed Kuddus, Mukhtar Kulimbet, G Anil Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Frank Kyei-Arthur, Chandrakant Lahariya, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Ming-Chieh Li, Virendra S Ligade, Gang Liu, Shuke Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Liu, Chun-Han Lo, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Lei Lv, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Bishnu P Marasini, Miquel Martorell, Roy Rillera Marzo, Hossein Masoumi-Asl, Medha Mathur, Navgeet Mathur, Rishi P Mediratta, Elahe Meftah, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Hadush Negash Meles, Endalkachew Belayneh Melese, Walter Mendoza, Mohsen Merati, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Sachith Mettananda, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Vinaytosh Mishra, Prasanna Mithra, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Mouhand F H Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Mustapha Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Rohith Motappa, Vincent Mougin, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Kavita Munjal, Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan, Pirouz Naghavi, Gurudatta Naik, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Shumaila Nargus, Delaram Narimani Davani, Abdulqadir J Nashwan, Zuhair S Natto, Athare Nazri-Panjaki, G Takop Nchanji, Pacifique Ndishimye, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Duc Hoang Nguyen, Nhien Ngoc Y Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Yeshambel T Nigatu, Ali Nikoobar, Vikram Niranjan, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Efaq Ali Noman, Nurulamin M Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor, Mehran Nouri, Majid Nozari, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Fred Nugen, Ismail A Odetokun, Adesola Adenike Ogunfowokan, Tolulope R Ojo-Akosile, Iruka N Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Gideon Olamilekan Oluwatunase, Verner N Orish, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Olayinka Osuolale, Amel Ouyahia, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Victoria Pando-Robles, Shahina Pardhan, Romil R Parikh, Jay Patel, Shankargouda Patil, Shrikant Pawar, Prince Peprah, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Simone Perna, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Anil K Philip, Roman V Polibin, Maarten J Postma, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Jalandhar Pradhan, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Asma Saleem Qazi, Deepthi R, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Fakher Rahim, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Shayan Rahmani, Mohammad Rahmanian, Nazanin Rahmanian, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Sheena Ramazanu, Muhammed Ahmed Ahmed Rameto, Pramod W Ramteke, Kritika Rana, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Davide Rasella, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani, Devarajan Rathish, Santosh Kumar Rauniyar, Salman Rawaf, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Aavishkar Raj Regmi, Kannan RR Rengasamy, Nazila Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Abanoub Riad, Monica Rodrigues, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Ravi Rohilla, Luca Ronfani, Moustaq Karim Khan Rony, Allen Guy Ross, Shekoufeh Roudashti, Bedanta Roy, Tilleye Runghien, Mamta Sachdeva Dhingra, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Mehdi Safari, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Mohamed A Saleh, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Juan Sanabria, Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Tanmay Sarkar, Benn Sartorius, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Austin E Schumacher, Mengistu Abayneh Sebsibe, Dragos Serban, Mahan Shafie, Samiah Shahid, Wajeehah Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Sunder Sham, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammad Ali Shamshirgaran, Mohd Shanawaz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Amin Sharifan, Manoj Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Suchitra M Shenoy, Samendra P Sherchan, Mahabalesh Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Desalegn Shiferaw, Aminu Shittu, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Baljinder Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Robert Sinto, Bogdan Socea, Heidi M Soeters, Anton Sokhan, Prashant Sood, Soroush Soraneh, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy, Vijay Kumar Srivastava, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai, Narayan Subedi, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Sahabi K Sulaiman, Muhammad Suleman, Chandan Kumar Swain, Lukasz Szarpak, Sree Sudha T Y, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Celine Tabche, Zanan Mohammed-Ameen Taha, Ashis Talukder, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker-Kan Tan, Sarmila Tandukar, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Ocean Thakali, Ramna Thakur, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Joe Thomas, Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Krishna Tiwari, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Khai Hoan Tram, An Thien Tran, Nghia Minh Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Arit Udoh, Saeed Ullah, Muhammad Umair, Muhammad Umar, Brigid Unim, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Sanaz Vahdati, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Rohollah Valizadeh, Madhur Verma, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Manish Vinayak, Yasir Waheed, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Yanzhong Wang, Muhammad Waqas, Kosala Gayan Weerakoon, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Asrat Arja Wolde, Felicia Wu, Sajad Yaghoubi, Sanni Yaya, Saber Yezli, Vahit Yiğit, Dehui Yin, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Hadiza Yusuf, Mondal Hasan Zahid, Fathiah Zakham, Leila Zaki, Iman Zare, Michael Zastrozhin, Mohammed G M Zeariya, Haijun Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Abzal Zhumagaliuly, Hafsa Zia, Mohammad Zoladl, Ali H Mokdad, Stephen S Lim, Theo Vos, James A Platts-Mills, Jonathan F Mosser, Robert C Reiner, Simon I Hay, Mohsen Naghavi, Christopher J L Murray Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2025 BACKGROUND: Diarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children older than 5 years and in adults is also understudied. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to assess the burden of, and trends in, diarrhoeal diseases overall and attributable to 13 pathogens, as well as the contributions of associated risk factors, in children and adults in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse vital registration data, verbal autopsy data, mortality surveillance data, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. We used DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews, population-based surveys, and claims and inpatient data. We calculated diarrhoeal disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for each location, year, and age-sex group. For aetiology estimation, we used a counterfactual approach to quantify population-attributable fractions (PAFs). Additionally, we estimated the diarrhoeal disease burden attributable to the independent effects of risk factors using the comparative risk assessment framework. FINDINGS: In 2021, diarrhoeal diseases caused an estimated 1·17 million (95% uncertainty interval 0·793-1·62) deaths globally, representing a 60·3% (50·6-69·0) decrease since 1990 (2·93 million [2·31-3·73] deaths). The most pronounced decline was in children younger than 5 years, with a 79·2% (72·4-84·6) decrease in diarrhoeal deaths. Global YLLs also decreased substantially, from 186 million (147-221) in 1990 to 51·4 million (39·9-65·9) in 2021. In 2021, an estimated 59·0 million (47·2-73·2) DALYs were attributable to diarrhoeal diseases globally, with 30·9 million (23·1-42·0) of these affecting children younger than 5 years. Leading risk factors for diarrhoeal DALYs included low birthweight and short gestation in the neonatal age groups, child growth failure in children aged between 1-5 months and 2-4 years, and unsafe water and poor sanitation in older children and adults. We estimated that the removal of all evaluated diarrhoeal risk factors would reduce global DALYs from 59·0 million (47·2-73·2) to 4·99 million (1·99-10·0) among all ages combined. Globally in 2021, rotavirus was the predominant cause of diarrhoeal deaths across all ages, with a PAF of 15·2% (11·4-20·1), followed by norovirus at 10·6% (2·3-17·0) and Cryptosporidium spp at 10·2% (7·03-14·3). In children younger than 5 years, the fatal PAF of rotavirus was 35·2% (28·7-43·0), followed by Shigella spp at 24·0% (15·2-37·9) and adenovirus at 23·8% (14·8-36·3). Other pathogens with a fatal PAF greater than 10% in children younger than 5 years included Cryptosporidium spp, typical enteropathogenicEscherichia coli, and enterotoxigenic E coli producing heat-stable toxin. INTERPRETATION: The substantial decline in the global burden of diarrhoeal diseases since 1990, particularly in children younger than 5 years, supports the effectiveness of health interventions such as oral rehydration therapy, enhanced water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure, and the introduction and scale-up of rotavirus vaccination. Targeted interventions and preventive measures against key risk factors and pathogens could further reduce this burden. Continued investment in the development and distribution of vaccines for leading pathogens remains crucial. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Global, regional, and national burden of suicide, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Nicole Davis Weaver, Gregory J Bertolacci, Emily Rosenblad, Sama Ghoba, Matthew Cunningham, Kevin S Ikuta, Madeline E Moberg, Vincent Mougin, Chieh Han, Eve E Wool, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Hanadi Al Hamad, Yazan Al-Ajlouni, Rasmieh Mustafa Al-amer, Mohammed Albashtawy, Wafa A Aldhaleei, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Mahmoud A Alomari, Mohammed A Alsabri, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Alireza Amindarolzarbi, Sohrab Amiri, Tudorel Andrei, Saeid Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Demelash Areda, Anton A Artamonov, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Ahmed Y Azzam, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Saeed Bahramian, Maciej Banach, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Amadou Barrow, Azadeh Bashiri, Hameed Akande Bashiru, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Kavita Batra, Ravi Batra, Mohsen Bayati, Corina Benjet, Habib Benzian, Paola Bertuccio, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee, Corey B Bills, Sri Harsha Boppana, Guilherme Borges, Hamed Borhany, Yasser Bustanji, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Giulio Castelpietra, Arthur Caye, Muthia Cenderadewi, Rama Mohan Chandika, Eeshwar K Chandrasekar, Periklis Charalampous, Yifan Chen, Ritesh Chimoriya, Hitesh Chopra, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Muhammad Chutiyami, Richard G Cowden, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Koustuv Dalal, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Samuel Demissie Darcho, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Alejandro de la Torre-Luque, Shayom Debopadhaya, Louisa Degenhardt, Ivan Delgado-Enciso, Emina Dervišević, Michael J Diaz, Deepa Dongarwar, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Samuel C Dumith, Senbagam Duraisamy, Ejemai Eboreime, Ferry Efendi, Michael Ekholuenetale, Rabie Adel El Arab, Muhammed Elhadi, Gihan ELNahas, Chadi Eltaha, Syed Emdadul Emdadul Haque, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Ayesha Fahim, Andre Faro, Ali Fatehizadeh, Patrick Fazeli, Alireza Feizkhah, Ginenus Fekadu, Nuno Ferreira, Florian Fischer, Richard Charles Franklin, Ni Kadek Yuni Fridayani, Márió Gajdács, Aravind P Gandhi, Balasankar Ganesan, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Molla Getie, Delaram J Ghadimi, Khalid Yaser Ghailan, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Pouya Goleij, Ayman Grada, Michal Grivna, Shi-Yang Guan, Snigdha Gulati, Sapna Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Roberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo, Erin B Hamilton, Nasrin Hanifi, Ikramul Hasan, Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Simon I Hay, Mohammad Heidari, Mehdi Hemmati, Nguyen Quoc Hoan, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Junjie Huang, Hong-Han Huynh, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Arit Inok, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Haitham Jahrami, Sanobar Jaka, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Zixiang Ji, Shuai Jin, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Zubair Kabir, Vidya Kadashetti, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Rami S Kantar, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Shilpi Karmakar, Harkiran Kaur, Jessica A Kerr, Himanshu Khajuria, Ajmal Khan, Khaled Khatab, Khalid A Kheirallah, Kwanghyun Kim, Min Seo Kim, Shivakumar KM KM Shivakumar, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Varun Krishna, Nuworza Kugbey, Mukhtar Kulimbet, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Satyajit Kundu, Ville Kytö, Iván Landires, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Doo Woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Stephen S Lim, Jialing Lin, Richard T Liu, José Francisco López-Gil, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Zheng Feei Ma, Venkatesh Maled, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Agustina Maria Marconi, Ramon Martinez-Piedra, Roy Rillera Marzo, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Pallab K Maulik, Hadush Negash Meles, Ritesh G Menezes, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ted R Miller, Moonis Mirza, Awoke Misganaw, Chaitanya Mittal, Abdalla Z Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Ali H Mokdad, Sabrina Molinaro, Lorenzo Monasta, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Shane Douglas Morrison, Rohith Motappa, Faraz Mughal, Francesk Mulita, Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan, Christopher J L Murray, Sathish Muthu, Woojae Myung, Ayoub Nafei, Pirouz Naghavi, Ganesh R Naik, Gurudatta Naik, Zuhair S Natto, Muhammad Naveed, Shadan Navid, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Athare Nazri-Panjaki, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Hoang Anh Hoang Nguyen, Nhien Ngoc Y Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Phuong The Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Ali Nikoobar, Isabel Noguer, Shuhei Nomura, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Michael Safo Oduro, In-Hwan Oh, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Yinka Doris Oluwafemi, Sok King Ong, Michal Ordak, Heather M Orpana, Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Raul Felipe Palma-Alvarez, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Seoyeon Park, Sungchul Park, Ava Pashaei, Jay Patel, Shrikant Pawar, Prince Peprah, Mario F P Peres, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Anil K Philip, Michael R Phillips, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Jalandhar Pradhan, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Ibrahim Qattea, Gangzhen Qian, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Pankaja Raghav, Sarvenaz Rahimibarghani, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Md. Mosfequr Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mohammad Rahmanian, Pushp Lata Rajpoot, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Smitha Rani, Mithun Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Prateek Rastogi, Devarajan Rathish, David Laith Rawaf, Lennart Reifels, Mohsen Rezaeian, Taeho Gregory Rhee, Jennifer Rickard, Leonardo Roever, Moustaq Karim Khan Rony, Chandan S N, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Farideh Sadeghian, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Mehdi Safari, Dominic Sagoe, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Payman Salamati, Dauda Salihu, Sohrab Salimi, Giovanni A Salum, Sonia Sameen, Abdallah M Samy, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Chinmoy Sarkar, Gargi Sachin Sarode, Sachin C Sarode, Brijesh Sathian, Austin E Schumacher, Mario Šekerija, Mohammad H Semreen, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Mahan Shafie, Samiah Shahid, Ahmed Shaikh, Masood Ali Shaikh, Amin Sharifan, Javad Sharifi Rad, Anupam Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Mahabalesh Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Premalatha K Shetty, Velizar Shivarov, Sina Shool, Paramdeep Singh, Puneetpal Singh, Surjit Singh, Bogdan Socea, Dan J Stein, Murray B Stein, Jing Sun, Chandan Kumar Swain, Lukasz Szarpak, Sree Sudha T Y, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Celine Tabche, Minale Tareke, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Chern Choong Thum, Tenaw Yimer Tiruye, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Nghia Minh Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen, Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Sanaz Vahdati, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Pascual R Valdez, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Massimiliano Veroux, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Manish Vinayak, Theo Vos, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Yanzhong Wang, Joseph L L Ward, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Marcin W Wojewodzic, Renjulal Yesodharan, Arzu Yiğit, Dehui Yin, Paul Yip, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Iman Zare, Mohammed G M Zeariya, Haijun Zhang, Claire Chenwen Zhong, Bin Zhu, Abzal Zhumagaliuly, Mohsen Naghavi Lancet Public Health, 2025 BACKGROUND: Deaths from suicide are a tragic yet preventable cause of mortality. Quantifying the burden of suicide to understand its geographical distribution, temporal trends, and variation by age and sex is an essential step in suicide prevention. We aimed to present a comprehensive set of global, regional, and national estimates of suicide burden. METHODS: We produced estimates of the number of deaths and age-standardised mortality rates of suicide globally, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021, and disaggregated these results by age and sex. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 estimates of deaths attributable to suicide were broken down into two comprehensive categories: those by firearms and those by other specified means. For this analysis, we also produced estimates of mean age at the time of death from suicide, incidence of suicide attempts compared with deaths, and age-standardised rates of suicide by firearm. We acquired data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, and mortality surveillance that included 23 782 study-location-years of data from GBD 2021. Point estimates were calculated from the average of 1000 randomly selected possible values of deaths from suicide by age, sex, and geographical location. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution. FINDINGS: Globally, 746 000 deaths (95% UI 692 000-800 000) from suicide occurred in 2021, including 519 000 deaths (485 000-556 000) among males and 227 000 (200 000-255 000) among females. The age-standardised mortality rate has declined over time, from 14·9 deaths (12·8-15·7) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 9·0 (8·3-9·6) per 100 000 in 2021. Regionally, mortality rates due to suicide were highest in eastern Europe (19·2 [17·5-20·8] per 100 000), southern sub-Saharan Africa (16·1 [14·0-18·3] per 100 000), and central sub-Saharan Africa (14·4 [11·0-19·1] per 100 000). The mean age at which individuals died from suicide progressively increased during the study period. For males, the mean age at death by suicide in 1990 was 43·0 years (38·0-45·8), increasing to 47·0 years (43·5-50·6) in 2021. For females, it was 41·9 years (30·9-46·7) in 1990 and 46·9 years (41·2-52·8) in 2021. The incidence of suicide attempts requiring medical care was consistently higher at the regional level for females than for males. The number of deaths by suicide using firearms was higher for males than for females, and substantially varied by country and region. The countries with the highest age-standardised rate of suicides attributable to firearms in 2021 were the USA, Uruguay, and Venezuela. INTERPRETATION: Deaths from suicide remain variable by age and sex and across geographical locations, although population mortality rates have continued to improve globally since the 1990s. This study presents, for the first time in GBD, a quantification of the mean age at the time of suicide death, alongside comprehensive estimates of the burden of suicide throughout the world. These analyses will help guide future approaches to reduce suicide mortality that consider a public health framework for prevention. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections and otitis media, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Sarah Brooke Sirota, Matthew C Doxey, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Rose Grace Bender, Avina Vongpradith, Samuel B Albertson, Amanda Novotney, Katrin Burkart, Austin Carter, Parsa Abdi, Meriem Abdoun, Ayele Mamo Abebe, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Hasan Abualruz, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Salahdein Aburuz, Mesafint Molla Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Victor Adekanmbi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Karolina Akinosoglou, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Salah Al Awaidy, Samer O Alalalmeh, Mohammed Albashtawy, Mohammad T AlBataineh, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Abid Ali, Liaqat Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Joseph Uy Almazan, Jaber S Alqahtani, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Rami H Al-Rifai, Najim Z Alshahrani, Khaled Altartoor, Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Safwat Aly, Karem H Alzoubi, Walid Adnan Al-Zyoud, Abebe Feyissa Amhare, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Abhishek Anil, Saeid Anvari, Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel Anyabolo, Jalal Arabloo, Mosab Arafat, Demelash Areda, Brhane Berhe Aregawi, Abdulfatai Aremu, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Avinash Aujayeb, Zewdu Bishaw Aynalem, Sina Azadnajafabad, Ahmed Y Azzam, Muhammad Badar, Pegah Bahrami Taghanaki, Saeed Bahramian, Atif Amin Baig, Milica Bajcetic, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Maciej Banach, Mainak Bardhan, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Kavita Batra, Ravi Batra, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Maryam Beiranvand, Alemu Gedefie Belete, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Apostolos Beloukas, Azizullah Beran, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ashish Bhargava, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan, 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Global, regional, and national burden of HIV/AIDS, 1990–2021, and forecasts to 2050, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Austin Carter, Meixin Zhang, Khai Hoan Tram, Magdalene K Walters, Deepa Jahagirdar, Edmond D Brewer, Amanda Novotney, Dylan Lasher, Emmanuel A Mpolya, Avina Vongpradith, Jianing Ma, Megan Verma, Tahvi D Frank, Jiawei He, Sam Byrne, Christine Lin, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Spencer A Pease, Haley Comfort, Erin A May, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Hedayat Abbastabar, Atef Abdelkader, Parsa Abdi, Meriem Abdoun, Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz, Hassan Abidi, Olumide Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Yonas Derso Abtew, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Salahdein Aburuz, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Victor Adekanmbi, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka, Kishor Adhikari, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Fatemeh Afrashteh, Saira Afzal, Shahin 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Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Valery L Feigin, Melsew Dagne Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Atef Abdelkader, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Parsa Abdi, Arash Abdollahi, Meriem Abdoun, Rami Abd-Rabu, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Auwal Abdullahi, Mesfin Abebe, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga, E S Abhilash, Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun, Olumide Abiodun, Rahim Abo Kasem, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Mohamed Abouzid, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Woldu Aberhe Abrha, Dariush Abtahi, Samir Abu Rumeileh, Ahmed Abualhasan, Hasan Abualruz, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Hana J Abukhadijah, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Salahdein Aburuz, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Juan Manuel Acuna, Denberu Eshetie Adane, Mesafint Molla Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Oyelola A Adegboye, Victor Adekanmbi, Kishor Adhikari, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saryia 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Saleh, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Abdallah M. Samy, Aswini Saravanan, Monika Sawhney, Mete Saylan, Sayed Mansoor Sediqi, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Yashendra Sethi, Allen Seylani, Jaffer Shah, Samiah Shahid, Moyad Jamal Shahwan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Maryam Shayan, Mika Shigematsu, Aminu Shittu, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Juan Carlos Silva, Jasvinder A. Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Eirini Skiadaresi, Raúl A. R. C. Sousa, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Vladimir I. Starodubov, Birhan Tsegaw Taye, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Saif Ullah, Muhammad Umair, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Guadie Sharew Wondimagegn, Lin Yang, Arzu Yiğit, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Yuyi You, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Hanqing Zhao, Peng Zheng, Makan Ziafati, Magdalena Zielińska, Jaimie D. Steinmetz, Rupert R. A. Bourne, and Eye Basingstoke, 2024
Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by cataract: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020 Konrad Pesudovs, Van Charles Lansingh, John H. Kempen, Ian Tapply, Arthur G. Fernandes, Maria V. Cicinelli, Alessandro Arrigo, Nicolas Leveziel, Paul Svitil Briant, Theo Vos, Serge Resnikoff, Hugh R. Taylor, Tabassom Sedighi, Seth Flaxman, Jaimie Steinmetz, Rupert Bourne, Konrad Pesudovs, Van Charles Lansingh, John H. Kempen, Ian Tapply, Arthur G. Fernandes, Maria Vittoria Cicinelli, Alessandro Arrigo, Nicolas Leveziel, Serge Resnikoff, Hugh R. Taylor, Tabassom Sedighi, Mukkharram M. Bikbov, Tasanee Braithwaite, Alain Bron, Ching-Yu Cheng, Monte A. Del Monte, Joshua R. Ehrlich, Leon B. Ellwein, David Friedman, João M. Furtado, Gus Gazzard, Ronnie George, M. Elizabeth Hartnett, Jost B. Jonas, Rim Kahloun, Moncef Khairallah, Rohit C. Khanna, Janet Leasher, Julie-Anne Little, Vinay Nangia, Michal Nowak, Tunde Peto, Pradeep Ramulu, Fotis Topouzis, Mitiadis Tsilimbaris, Ya Xing Wang, Ningli Wang, Rupert Bourne, Konrad Pesudovs, Van Charles Lansingh, John H. Kempen, Ian Tapply, Arthur G. Fernandes, Maria Vittoria Cicinelli, Alessandro Arrigo, Nicolas Leveziel, Theo Vos, Serge Resnikoff, Tabassom Sedighi, Seth Flaxman, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Mohammad Abdollahi, Mozhan Abdollahi, Ayele Mamo Abebe, Olumide Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Woldu Aberhe Abrha, Hasan Abualruz, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Salahdein Aburuz, Tadele Girum Girum Adal, Mesafint Molla Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Shahin Aghamiri, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Ahmad Samir Alfaar, Abid Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Awais Altaf, Hubert Amu, Sofia Androudi, Rodrigo Anguita, Abhishek Anil, Saeid Anvari, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Francis Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Mosab Arafat, Damelash Areda, Reza Arefnezhad, Brhane Berhe Aregawi, Akeza Awealom Asgedom, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye Atinafu, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout, Alok Atreya, Haleh Ayatollahi, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Hassan Babamohamadi, Sara Bagherieh, Yogesh Bahurupi, Atif Amin Baig, Biswajit Banik, Mainak Bardhan, Saurav Basu, Kavita Batra, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Fatemeh Bazvand, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Devidas S. Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Mukharram Bikbov, Niloufar Bineshfar, Marina G. Birck, Veera R. Bitra, Tasanee Braithwaite, Katrin Burkart, Yasser Bustanji, Zahid A. Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Vera L. A. Carneiro, Muthia Cenderadewi, Eeshwar K. Chandrasekar, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Nitin Chitranshi, Hitesh Chopra, Dinh-Toi Chu, Kaleb Coberly, João M. Coelho, Natália Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Subasish Das, Ana Maria Dascalu, Mohsen Dashti, Maedeh Dastmardi, Berecha Hundessa Demessa, Biniyam Demisse, Diriba Dereje, Awoke Masrie Asrat Derese, Nikolaos Dervenis, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Thanh Chi Do, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Francisco Winter dos Santos Figueiredo, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Joshua R. Ehrlich, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Mehdi Emamverdi, Azin Etemadimanesh, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Hossein Farrokhpour, Ali Fatehizadeh, Alireza Feizkhah, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Ali Forouhari, Matteo Foschi, Kayode Raphael Fowobaje, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Aravind P. Gandhi, Miglas W. W. Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Brhane Gebremariam, Urge Gerema, Fariba Ghassemi, Sherief Ghozy, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Shi-Yang Guan, Zewdie Gudisa, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Aram Halimi, Shahin Hallaj, Samer Hamidi, Mehdi Harorani, Hamidreza Hasani, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Nguyen Quoc Hoan, Ramesh Holla, Sung Hwi Hong, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Chengxi Hu, John J. Huang, Hong-Han Huynh, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Irena M. Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chidozie C. D. Iwu, Louis Jacob, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia, Shubha Jayaram, Har Ashish Jindal, Mohammad Jokar, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Vidya Kadashetti, Laleh R. Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Sagarika Kamath, Himal Kandel, Rami S. Kantar, Ibraheem M. Karaye, Hengameh Kasraei, Soujanya Kaup, Navjot Kaur, Rimple Jeet Kaur, Gbenga A. Kayode, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Adnan Kisa, Soewarta Kosen, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Nithin Kumar, Om P. Kurmi, Chandrakant Lahariya, Tuo Lan, Iván Landires, Janet L. Leasher, Munjae Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Stephen S. Lim, Julie-Anne Little, Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan, Sandeep B. Maharaj, Alireza Mahmoudi, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Kashish Malhotra, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Vahid Mansouri, Emmanuel Manu, Roy Rillera Marzo, Andrea Maugeri, Colm McAlinden, Wondwosen Mebratu, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Yang Meng, Abera M. Mersha, Tomislav Mestrovic, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Awoke Misganaw, Manish Mishra, Sanjeev Misra, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Soheil Mohammadi, Mustapha Mohammed, Hoda Mojiri-forushani, Ali H. Mokdad, Hossein Molavi Vardanjani, Mohammad Ali Moni, Fateme Montazeri, Maryam Moradi, Rohith Motappa, Parsa Mousavi, Admir Mulita, Christopher J. L. Murray, Ganesh R. Naik, Gurudatta Naik, Shumaila Nargus, Zuhair S. Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Mohammad Negaresh, Hadush Negash, Dang H. Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T. Olagunju, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Michal Ordak, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Nikita Otstavnov, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Ashok Pandey, Georgios D. Panos, Shahina Pardhan, Seoyeon Park, Jay Patel, Shrikant Pawar, Prince Peprah, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Alireza Peyman, Hoang Tran Pham, Mohsen Pourazizi, Nguyen Khoi Quan, Fakher Rahim, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Sathish Rajaa, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Premkumar Ramasubramani, Shubham Ranjan, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Rama Shankar Rath, Annisa Utami Rauf, Salman Rawaf, Amirmasoud Rayati Damavandi, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Priyanka Roy, Koushik Roy Pramanik, Zahra Saadatian, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Umar Saeed, Sare Safi, Sher Zaman Safi, Amene Saghazadeh, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Joseph W. Sakshaug, Mohamed A. Saleh, Sara Samadzadeh, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Abdallah M. Samy, Aswini Saravanan, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Farbod Semnani, Sabyasachi Senapati, Yashendra Sethi, Seyed Arsalan Seyedi, Allen Seylani, Amira A. Shaheen, Samiah Shahid, Moyad Jamal Shahwan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Sunder Sham, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Mohammed Shannawaz, Bereket Beyene Shashamo, Maryam Shayan, Aminu Shittu, Ivy Shiue, K. M. Shivakumar, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Juan Carlos Silva, Jasvinder A. Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Eirini Skiadaresi, Yonatan Solomon, Raúl A. R. C. Sousa, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Vladimir I. Starodubov, Mohana Devi Subramaniam, Sri Susanty, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Birhan Tsegaw Taye, Gebrehiwot Teklay, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Dufera Rikitu Terefa, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Temesgen Mohammed Toma, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Sree Sudha Ty, Chukwudi S. Ubah, Muhammad Umair, Tungki Pratama Umar, Rohollah Valizadeh, Jef Van den Eynde, Stephanie Louise Watson, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Guadie Sharew Wondimagegn, Hong Xiao, Yao Yao, Iman Yazdani Nia, Arzu Yiğit, Yazachew Yismaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Yuyi You, Chuanhua Yu, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Hanqing Zhao, Makan Ziafati, Magdalena Zielińska, Yossef Teshome Zikarg, Mohammad Zoladl, Jaimie D. Steinmetz, Rupert Bourne, , and Eye Basingstoke, 2024
Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Michael Brauer, Gregory A Roth, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Peng Zheng, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh, Madineh Akram Abbasi, Mohammadreza Abbasian, Mitra Abbasifard, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Parsa Abdi, Mohammad Abdollahi, Meriem Abdoun, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Auwal Abdullahi, Mesfin Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Armita Abedi, Tadesse M Abegaz, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga, Olumide Abiodun, Temesgen Lera Abiso, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Mohamed Abouzid, Girma Beressa Aboye, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Hasan Abualruz, Bilyaminu Abubakar, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Hana Jihad Jihad Abukhadijah, Salahdein Aburuz, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Mesafint Molla Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Giovanni Addolorato, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Bashir Aden, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Rishan Adha, Amin Adibi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Rotimi Felix Afolabi, Ashkan Afshin, Shadi Afyouni, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, Faith Agbozo, Shahin Aghamiri, Antonella Agodi, Anurag Agrawal, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Firdos Ahmad, Noah Ahmad, Shahzaib Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Ahmed, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Safoora Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Marjan Ajami, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Essona Matatom Akara, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Shiva Akhlaghi, Karolina Akinosoglou, Tomi Akinyemiju, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Sreelatha Akkala, Blessing Akombi-Inyang, Salah Al Awaidy, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Fares Alahdab, Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal, Samer O Alalalmeh, Tariq A Alalwan, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Nazmul Alam, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Almaza Albakri, Mohammad T AlBataineh, Wafa A Aldhaleei, Robert W Aldridge, Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu, Yihun Mulugeta Alemu, Bassam Al-Fatly, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Khairat Al-Habbal, Khalid F Alhabib, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Abid Ali, Amjad Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Iman Ali, Liaqat Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Gianfranco Alicandro, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, François Alla, Sabah Al-Marwani, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Sami Almustanyir, Mahmoud A Alomari, Jordi Alonso, Jaber S Alqahtani, Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Rami Hani Al-Rifai, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Najim Z Alshahrani, Zaid Altaany, Awais Altaf, Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq, Khalid A Altirkawi, Deborah Oyine Aluh, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Hassan Alwafi, Mohammad Sami Al-Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Safwat Aly, Karem H Alzoubi, Walid Al-Zyoud, Uchenna Anderson Amaechi, Masous Aman Mohammadi, Reza Amani, Sohrab Amiri, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Enrico Ammirati, Hubert Amu, Dickson A Amugsi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, Jason A Anderson, Pedro Prata Andrade, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Susan C Anenberg, Dhanalakshmi Angappan, Colin Angus, Abhishek Anil, Sneha Anil, Afifa Anjum, Amir Anoushiravani, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Catherine M Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Davood Anvari, Saeid Anvari, Saleha Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel Anyabolo, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Jalal Arabloo, Razman Arabzadeh Bahri, Mosab Arafat, Demelash Areda, Brhane Berhe Aregawi, Abdulfatai Aremu, Benedetta Armocida, Michael Benjamin Arndt, Johan Ärnlöv, Mahwish Arooj, Anton A Artamonov, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Idowu Thomas Aruleba, Ashokan Arumugam, Akram M Asbeutah, Saeed Asgary, Akeza Awealom Asgedom, Charlie Ashbaugh, Mubarek Yesse Ashemo, Tahira Ashraf, Amir Askarinejad, Michael Assmus, Thomas Astell-Burt, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Andargie Abate Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Haleh Ayatollahi, Carlos Ayestas Portugal, Jose L Ayuso-Mateos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Rui M S Azevedo, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Hosein Azizi, Ahmed Y Azzam, Insa Linnea Backhaus, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Arvind Bagga, Soroush Baghdadi, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Pegah Bahrami Taghanaki, Ruhai Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Madhan Balasubramanian, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Kiran Bam, Soham Bandyopadhyay, Biswajit Banik, Palash Chandra Banik, Aduragbemi Banke-Thomas, Hansi Bansal, Martina Barchitta, Mainak Bardhan, Erfan Bardideh, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Lope H Barrero, Amadou Barrow, Sandra Barteit, Zarrin Basharat, Afisu Basiru, João Diogo Basso, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Sanjay Basu, Sai Batchu, Kavita Batra, Ravi Batra, Bernhard T Baune, Mohsen Bayati, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Thomas Beaney, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Maryam Beiranvand, Yannick Béjot, Alehegn Bekele, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Michelle L Bell, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Luis Belo, Apostolos Beloukas, Salaheddine Bendak, Derrick A Bennett, Fiona B Bennitt, Isabela M Bensenor, Habib Benzian, Azizullah Beran, Zombor Berezvai, Eduardo Bernabe, Robert S Bernstein, Paulo J G Bettencourt, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Dinesh Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Vivek Bhat, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Manpreet S Bhatti, Rajbir Bhatti, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Boris Bikbov, Jessica Devin Bishai, Catherine Bisignano, Atanu Biswas, Bijit Biswas, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Tone Bjørge, Micheal Kofi Boachie, Hosea Boakye, Moses John Bockarie, Virginia Bodolica, Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin, Eyob Ketema Bogale, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Milad Bonakdar Hashemi, Sri Harsha Boppana, Berrak Bora Basara, Hamed Borhany, Alejandro Botero Carvajal, Souad Bouaoud, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Christopher Boxe, Dejana Braithwaite, Luisa C Brant, Amanpreet Brar, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Susanne Breitner, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Gabrielle Britton, Colin Stewart Brown, Annie J Browne, Andre R Brunoni, Dana Bryazka, Norma B Bulamu, Lemma N Bulto, Danilo Buonsenso, Katrin Burkart, Richard A Burns, Reinhard Busse, Yasser Bustanji, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Jack Cagney, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Daniela Calina, Luis Alberto Cámera, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Chao Cao, Fan Cao, Yubin Cao, Angelo Capodici, Rosario Cárdenas, Sinclair Carr, Giulia Carreras, Juan J Carrero, Andrea Carugno, Felix Carvalho, Márcia 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Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Austin E Schumacher, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Amirali Aali, Cristiana Abbafati, Jaffar Abbas, Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh, Madineh Akram Abbasi, Mohammadreza Abbasian, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Ahmed Abdelwahab, Mohammad Abdollahi, Meriem Abdoun, Auwal Abdullahi, Ame Mehadi Abdurehman, Mesfin Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Armita Abedi, Tadesse M Abegaz, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga, E S Abhilash, Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Mohamed Abouzid, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Woldu Aberhe Abrha, Michael R M Abrigo, Dariush Abtahi, Samir Abu Rumeileh, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Salahdein Aburuz, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Juan Manuel Acuna, Tim Adair, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Victor Adekanmbi, Bashir Aden, Abiola Victor Adepoju, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye, Rishan Adha, Amin Adibi, Wirawan Adikusuma, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saryia Adra, Abel Afework, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Ali Afraz, Shadi Afyouni, Saira Afzal, Pradyumna Agasthi, Shahin Aghamiri, Antonella Agodi, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Firdos Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade, Mohadese Ahmadzade, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Marjan Ajami, Budi Aji, Olufemi Ajumobi, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Essona Matatom Akara, Karolina Akinosoglou, Sreelatha Akkala, Samuel Akyirem, Hanadi Al Hamad, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Ammar Al Homsi, Mohammad Al Qadire, Moein Ala, Timothy Olukunle Aladelusi, Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal, Samer O Alalalmeh, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Manjurul Alam, 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Global, regional, and national mortality due to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning, 2000–2021: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Madeline E Moberg, Erin B Hamilton, Scott M Zeng, Dana Bryazka, Jeff T Zhao, Rachel Feldman, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Ame Mehadi Abdurehman, Aidin Abedi, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Abiola Victor Adepoju, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saira Afzal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Danial Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Yousef Alimohamadi, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Mohammad Amrollahi-Sharifabadi, Tadele Fentabil Anagaw, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Alok Atreya, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Sara Bagherieh, Hansi Bansal, Amadou Barrow, Azadeh Bashiri, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Archith Boloor, Luis Alberto Cámera, Felix Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Eeshwar K Chandrasekar, Jung-Chen Chang, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Dinh-Toi Chu, Kaleb Coberly, Natália Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Saswati Das, Subasish Das, Sisay Abebe Debela, Berecha Hundessa Demessa, Xinlei Deng, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Belay Desye, Meghnath Dhimal, Mahmoud Dibas, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Michael Ekholuenetale, Iman El Sayed, Waseem El-Huneidi, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ali Fatehizadeh, Syeda Anum Fatima Fatima, Florian Fischer, Richard Charles Franklin, Tushar Garg, Tilaye Gebru Gebi, Urge Gerema, Melaku Getachew, Motuma Erena Getachew, Farhad Ghamari, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Mehdi Harorani, Hamidreza Hasani, Abbas M Hassan, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Mohammed Bheser Hassen, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Mohammad Heidari, Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Ramesh Holla, Praveen Hoogar, Md Shakhaoat Hossain, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Sorin Hostiuc, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Chidozie C D Iwu, Umesh Jayarajah, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Vidya Kadashetti, Tanuj Kanchan, Himal Kandel, Rami S Kantar, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Patrick DMC Katoto, Himanshu Khajuria, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Sorour Khateri, Farzad Khodamoradi, Moein Khormali, Jagdish Khubchandani, Grace Kim, Adnan Kisa, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Kewal Krishan, Naveen Kumar, Lucie Laflamme, Iván Landires, Bagher Larijani, Paolo Lauriola, Thao Thi Thu Le, Caterina Ledda, Seung Won Lee, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Raimundas Lunevicius, Sandeep B Maharaj, Ritesh G Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ted R Miller, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Awoke Misganaw, Manish Mishra, Sanjeev Misra, Chaitanya Mittal, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Ali H Mokdad, Mohammad Ali Moni, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Jember Azanaw Mulualem, Temesgen Mulugeta, Christopher J L Murray, Isabella Myers, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Vinod C Nayak, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Hasti Nouraei, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Michal Ordak, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Ashok Pandey, Suman Pant, Utsav Parekh, Shrikant Pawar, Amy E Peden, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Frédéric B Piel, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Ghazaleh Pourali, Ibrahim Qattea, Maryam Faiz Qureshi, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Mosiur Rahman, Shayan Rahmani, Premkumar Ramasubramani, Sheena Ramazanu, Salman Rawaf, Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Basema Saddik, Malihe Sadeghi, Farideh Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Zahra Saif, Joseph W Sakshaug, Saina Salahi, Payman Salamati, Abdallah M Samy, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, David C Schwebel, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Allen Seylani, Masood Ali Shaikh, Sunder Sham, Bereket Beyene Shashamo, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Harpreet Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Eskinder Ayalew Sisay, Yonatan Solomon, Majid Taheri, Irfan Ullah, Sana Ullah, Francesco S Violante, Linh Gia Vu, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Arzu Yigit, Naohiro Yonemoto, Zabihollah Yousefi, Muhammad Zaman, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Peng Zheng, Mohammad Zoladl, Jaimie D Steinmetz, Theo Vos, Mohsen Naghavi, Kanyin Liane Ong Lancet Public Health, 2023
Mapping age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence in adults in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–2018 Emily Haeuser, Audrey L. Serfes, Michael A. Cork, Mingyou Yang, Hedayat Abbastabar, E. S. Abhilash, Maryam Adabi, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka, Saira Afzal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Keivan Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Yonas Akalu, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M. Alanzi, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Vahid Alipour, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Saeed Amini, Dickson A. Amugsi, Robert Ancuceanu, Davood Anvari, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Olatunde Aremu, Mulusew A. Asemahagn, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Zelalem Nigussie Azene, B. B. 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Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020 Dana Bryazka, Marissa B Reitsma, Max G Griswold, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Mohammad Abdollahi, Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah, E S Abhilash, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Juan Manuel Acuna, Giovanni Addolorato, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Kishor Adhikari, Sangeet Adhikari, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saira Afzal, Wubetu Yimam Agegnehu, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Md Zakiul Alam, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Yousef Alimohamadi, Atiyeh Alizadeh, Kasim Allel, Jordi Alonso, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Sohrab Amiri, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Jalal Arabloo, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Zahra Aryan, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Thomas Astell-Burt, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre ayanore Ayanore, Olatunde O Ayinde, Jose L Ayuso-Mateos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ahmed Y Azzam, Ashish D Badiye, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Awraris Hailu Balchut/Bilchut, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Luis Belo, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Benseñor, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Elena A Elena Blokhina, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Andre R Brunoni, Zahid A Butt, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Rosario Cárdenas, Andre F Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Giulio Castelpietra, Luis F S Castro-de-Araujo, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Nicolas Cherbuin, Dinh-Toi Chu, Nandita Chudal, Sheng-Chia Chung, Chuchu Churko, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M Claro, Simona Costanzo, Richard G Cowden, Michael H Criqui, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Beniam Darge Daniel, Anna Danielewicz, Jiregna Darega Gela, Kairat Davletov, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva de Araujo, Antonio Reis de Sá-Junior, Sisay Abebe Debela, Azizallah Dehghan, Andreas K Demetriades, Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo 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Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Katherine R Paulson, Aruna M Kamath, Tahiya Alam, Kelly Bienhoff, Gdiom Gebreheat Abady, Jaffar Abbas, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Sherief M Abd-Elsalam, Amir Abdoli, Aidin Abedi, Hassan Abolhassani, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Abdelrahman I Abushouk, Aishatu L Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka, Jose C Adsuar, Khashayar Afshari, Mohammad Aghaali, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Tauseef Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Budi Aji, Yonas Akalu, Oluwaseun Oladapo Akinyemi, Addis Aklilu, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, 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Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of chewing tobacco use in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Parkes J Kendrick, Marissa B Reitsma, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Mohammad Abdollahi, Aidin Abedi, E S Abhilash, Victor Aboyans, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Shailesh M Advani, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sohail Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Budi Aji, Yonas Akalu, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Khalid F Alhabib, Tilahun Ali, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Mahmoud A Alomari, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Saeed Amini, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Benny Antony, Davood Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Nicholas D Arian, Monika Arora, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Wondwossen Niguse Asmare, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Marcel Ausloos, Asma Tahir Awan, Getinet 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