Optimal control strategies for taming TikTok addiction: a mathematical model and analysis Fareeha Sami Khan, M. Khalid, Ali Hasan Ali, F. Ghanim Arabian Journal of Mathematics, 2026 Optimal control theory is an extension of the calculus of variations. It is a mathematical optimization method for deriving control strategies for a dynamic system. In this paper, the system of differential equations for which we aim to utilize control theory is TikTok, which is one of the most attractive internet platforms. TikTok has garnered immense popularity, surpassing other social media platforms. However, its addictive nature has raised concerns about mental health, including depression, eating disorders, anxiety, self-obsession, and narcissistic personality disorder among its users. This paper introduces a mathematical model for TikTok, considering the usage of this app as an epidemic. The model is rigorously validated through stability analysis of both local and global equilibrium. Moreover, disease-free and non-trivial equilibrium scenarios are discussed by calculating their reproduction numbers. This study aims to raise awareness of TikTok’s potential misuse and explore control theory solutions to mitigate addiction. Additionally, statistical data is used to visualize the numerical results and analyze the impact of control parameters on the TikTok model.
Design-oriented modeling of Cattaneo–Christov flux and solar radiation on propylene glycol based trihybrid-nanofluid through solar panel: Applications in solar energy Munawar Abbas, Durdana Rustamova Farkhad, Mamurakhon Toshpulatova, Mustafa Bayram, Ali Hasan Ali, et al. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part N Journal of Nanomaterials Nanoengineering and Nanosystems, 2026 This research describes an investigation into the effect of solar radiation and heat generation on propylene glycol-based trihybrid nanofluid using Cattaneo-Christov theory and activation energy in an out spreading solar module sheet installed on an offshore solar oil field. Renewable energy has an extraordinary ability to substitute itself quicker than it is depleted, especially when sourced from natural sources like the wind and sun. The model described here has significant potential for augmenting the thermal efficiency of solar energy systems, particularly for oil rig solar panel sheets that operate under extreme climatic conditions. The Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux model, which allows for precise prediction of thermal and concentration relaxation phenomena, can benefit industrial and offshore energy platforms by improving energy conversion efficiency, sophisticated cooling technologies, and intelligent thermal management systems. The resulting partial differential equations are then converted into ordinary differential equations by using similarity factors. The resultant sets of nonlinear ordinary differential equations have been simulated using the Homotopy analysis approach. The concentration profile rises as the activation energy parameter values increase.
Applications of diamond-SiO2-Co3O4/NaAlg based trihybrid nanoliquid in industrial cooling systems: An investigation of elastic deformation and local thermal-non-equilibrium effects Munawar Abbas, Dürdana Rustamova Farkhad, Tatyana Orlova, Mustafa Bayram, Ali Hasan Ali, et al. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part N Journal of Nanomaterials Nanoengineering and Nanosystems, 2026 This study aims to examine the elastic deformation of a Diamond-SiO 2 -Co 3 O 4 /NaAlg based ternary hybrid nanofluid across a thin needle with activation energy, using modified and classical Hamilton-Crosser models. Using an appropriate similarity variable, the constitutive PDEs are transmuted into a system of connected ODEs. The efficient bvp4c method is then utilized to mathematically solve the resultant equations. The Diamond-CoO 4 -SiO 2 /NaC 6 H 7 O 6 -based THNF using the classical and modified HCM offers important insights into improving thermal performance in sophisticated heat transfer applications. By accounting for the effects of LTNE phenomena, these models aid in the prediction of the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids, guaranteeing more precise thermal management solutions. The nuclear reactors, solar thermal collectors, electronic device thermal management, and high-performance cooling systems are just a few of the technical fields where the results can be used because effective heat dissipation is essential. For both modified and classical HCM, the liquid phase thermal distribution and liquid and solid rate of heat transfer upsurge although the solid phase thermal distributions decline as the interphase heat transfer parameter rises.
Artificial neural network surrogate for Ellis hybrid nanofluid with Soret-Dufour effects and Joule heating: Enhance heat and mass transfer Saba Liaqat, Hameed Ullah, Mustafa Bayram, Ali Hasan Ali, Humaira Kanwal, et al. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part N Journal of Nanomaterials Nanoengineering and Nanosystems, 2026 The suggested artificial neural networks surrogate model for Ellis’s hybrid nanofluid with Dufour-Soret characteristics and Joule heating under local thermal non-equilibrium conditions has numerous applications in advanced energy and thermal systems. It can increase mass and heat transmission in electronic cooling systems, nuclear reactors, geothermal reservoirs, and microfluidic devices. Furthermore, it is beneficial for optimizing systems involving electrically conducting fluids, such as MHD power generation, solar thermal collectors, and medicinal heat treatments, where accurate prediction of complicated non-linear transport phenomena is required. To examine how an Ellis hybrid nanofluid’s Darcy-Forchheimer flow is affected by LTNE across a spinning disk. The key aim of this study is to provide a new mathematical intelligence approach of the AI-based intelligent Levenberg–Marquardt technique under the influence of artificial neural networks (ILMT-ANNs) for optimizing Soret-Dufour effects and Joule heating in conjunction with Magneto-Marangoni phenomena. For ILMT-ANNs, the numerical data-sheet is separated into 90.8% training, 4.1% testing, and 5.1% validation. The estimated solution is analyzed, and its evaluation with a numerical solution using bvp4c is described. Regression investigation, error histogram, and fitness curves based on mean squared error (MSE) are used to verify the effectiveness and consistency of ILMT-ANNs.
Bayesian-regularized neural network analysis of heat and mass transfer in ternary hybrid nanofluid with motile microorganisms: Thermodynamic optimization Munawar Abbas, Ansar Abbas, Saba Liaqat, Humaira Kanwal, Mustafa Bayram, et al. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part N Journal of Nanomaterials Nanoengineering and Nanosystems, 2026 The aim of this endeavor is to apply artificial intelligence to provide original solutions for very complicated and challenging physical model. The results of chemical reaction involving Marangoni convection, gyrotactic microbes and thermo-bioconvection in water-based THNF (trihybrid nanofluid) flow across a sheet with heat source, thermal radiation, thermophoretic particle deposition is assessed in this work using a feed-forward neural network in conjunction with back-propagation Bayesian regularization optimization (FFNN-BPBRO). The suggested Bayesian-Regularized Neural Network model for assessing mass and heat transportation in ternary nanofluids including motile microorganisms can be used to improve thermal performance in biomedical systems, microfluidic devices, energy storage, and cooling technologies. It also offers important insights for wastewater treatment, bio-convective transport, and nanofluid-based industrial processes, where precise prediction and thermodynamic optimization are critical for increasing efficiency, stability, and sustainability. As the Peclet number increases, the microorganism profile decreases.
A framework for process-level radiative design using magnetized bioconvection dynamics in ternary hybrid nanofluid: Intelligent Levenberg-Marquardt technique Munawar Abbas, Durdana Rustamova Farkhad, Mustafa Bayram, Ali Hasan Ali, Dilawaiz, et al. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part N Journal of Nanomaterials Nanoengineering and Nanosystems, 2026 This work aims to investigate the effects of thermal radiation and LTNE on the chemical reactive flow of a ternary hybrid nanofluid over a sheet containing thermo-bioconvection and oxytactic microorganisms. The model, which use artificial neural networks (ANNs) to forecast and optimize viscosity, heat dissipation, and thermal conductivity, is ideal for sophisticated cooling systems, energy storage, and biomedical applications. The ANNs has been trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt technique. The effectiveness of the scheme is supported by a number of statistical measures, such as analysis of error histograms, regression index, and convergence analysis, which show a minimum level of the best performance value ( 6 . 01 × E − 8 to 1 . 77 × E − 7 ) for the comprehensive simulation of the proposed model. Its applications include nuclear reactors, solar energy harvesting, electronic cooling, and chemical processes that require precise heat regulation. The addition of oxytactic microorganisms enhances heat transfer dynamics, boosting system efficiency and sustainability. The numerical findings are shown as tables and graphs on a Bvp4c. The liquid phase thermal profile increases while the solid phase thermal profile decreases as the interphase heat transfer parameter values grow.
Cross Site Scripting Attacks (XSS): A Review Iman Fareed Khazal, Arkan A. Ghaib, Asmaa Shareef, Zaid Ameen Abduljabbar, Vincent Omollo Nyangaresi, et al. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 2026
Blockchain-Based Lightweight Anonymous Authentication Scheme for Security Enhancement in Internet of Medical Things Environment ZA Abduljabbar, VO Nyangaresi, MA Hussain, J Ma, MA Al Sibahee, ... HUMAN-CENTRIC COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCES 16 , 2026 2026
Advancing Oscillation Theory for Neutral Delay Differential Equations AH Ali, H Almubarak, ZH Ahmed, F Ghanim Journal of Prime Research in Mathematics, 1-10 , 2026 2026
A Deep Learning Approach for Diabetic Retinopathy and Cataract Detection ZH Ali, AM Chaid, ZA Abduljabbard, VO Nyangaresie, AH Ali Basrah Journal of Science 44 (1), 179-197 , 2026 2026
Enhanced Arrhythmia Diagnosis Using a Hybrid Deep Learning Model: A CNN-LSTM-GRU Approach on ECG Data AA Mohammed, ZA Al-Sulami, MM Abd Zaid, ZA Abduljabbar, ... Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, 100767 , 2026 2026
FUZZY ONE-POINT COMPACTIFICATION IN FUZZY SEMI-SPECTRAL SPACES H Almubarak, V Madhuri, H Abdulsattar, M Rowthri, AH Ali Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Applications, 303-316 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Local thermal non-equilibrium analysis of darcy forchheimer 3D flow of ellis hybrid nanofluid with marangoni convection and soret-dufour effects M Abbas, H Alotaibi, M Norberdiyeva, AA Faqihi, JF Gómez-Aguilar, ... Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 1-11 , 2026 2026
Vibration analysis of a rotating FGM cracked beam under a tangent follower force AH Fadhel, TEH Elaikh, AH Ali, HA Neamah Forces in Mechanics, 100355 , 2026 2026 Citations: 2
Multi-criteria group decision-making problem under intuitionistic fuzzy logarithmic aggregation operators based on T-norm and T-conorm K Rahman, BR Al-sinan, AH Ali Opsearch 62 (4), 1735-1767 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Local path planning based on Bi-population Swarms optimization algorithms A Shareef, S Al-darraji, S Al-Ansarry, ZA Abduljabbar, VO Nyangaresi, ... Results in Control and Optimization, 100634 , 2025 2025
A Robust and Efficient Authentication Protocol for Intelligent Systems in Smart Healthcare IoMT ZA Abduljabbar, VO Nyangaresi, MA Al Sibahee, J Ma, ZA Hussien, ... 2025 IEEE 24th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in … , 2025 2025
Computational optimization of fractional-order influenza SIR epidemic modeling using two effective techniques FM Alwan, DK Archana, DG Prakasha, AH Ali Commun. Math. Biol. Neurosci. 2025, Article ID 101 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Uniform Resource Locator Protection Scheme for the Mitigation of Man-In-The-Middle Stripping Attacks DS Zhraw, MA Hussain, ZA Abduljabbar, VO Nyangaresi, AH Ali, ... Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data 2025, 329-349 , 2025 2025
Enhanced Thermal Analysis of Thermo-bioconvection Flow of Water Based Trihybrid Nanofluid with Gyrotactic Microbes: Soret and Dufour Effects DR Farkhad, MS Khan, M Ashurov, M Abbas, I Khan, AH Ali, NB Khedher International Journal of Thermofluids, 101441 , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
Provably lightweight and Secure IoHT Scheme with Post-Quantum Cryptography and Fog Computing: A Comprehensive Scheme for Healthcare System EW Abood, AA Yassin, ZA Abduljabbar, VO Nyangaresi, AH Ali MethodsX, 103631 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Design-oriented modeling of Cattaneo–Christov flux and solar radiation on propylene glycol based trihybrid-nanofluid through solar panel: Applications in solar energy M Abbas, D Rustamova Farkhad, M Toshpulatova, M Bayram, AH Ali, ... Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of … , 2025 2025
Applications of diamond-SiO 2 -Co 3 O 4 /NaAlg based trihybrid nanoliquid in industrial cooling systems: An investigation of elastic deformation and local thermal … M Abbas, D Rustamova Farkhad, T Orlova, M Bayram, AH Ali, Dilawaiz Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of … , 2025 2025
A framework for process-level radiative design using magnetized bioconvection dynamics in ternary hybrid nanofluid: Intelligent Levenberg-Marquardt technique M Abbas, D Rustamova Farkhad, M Bayram, AH Ali, Dilawaiz, S Liaqat, ... Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of … , 2025 2025
Artificial neural network surrogate for Ellis hybrid nanofluid with Soret-Dufour effects and Joule heating: Enhance heat and mass transfer S Liaqat, H Ullah, M Bayram, AH Ali, H Kanwal, A Abbas, M Abbas, ... Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of … , 2025 2025
Computational thermal and solutal study of Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Ellis trihybrid nanofluid with Cattaneo–Christov flux model and Stefan blowing impacts M Abbas, BB Mohsin, JF Gómez‐Aguilar, SS Ravshanbekovna, AH Ali ZAMM‐Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics/Zeitschrift für Angewandte … , 2025 2025 Citations: 9
Bayesian-regularized neural network analysis of heat and mass transfer in ternary hybrid nanofluid with motile microorganisms: Thermodynamic optimization M Abbas, A Abbas, S Liaqat, H Kanwal, M Bayram, AH Ali, M Shafique, ... Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of … , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
The effectiveness of the finite differences method on physical and medical images based on a heat diffusion equation M Rasheed, AH Ali, O Alabdali, S Shihab, A Rashid, T Rashid, ... Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1999 (1), 012080 , 2021 2021 Citations: 70
Nonlinear differential equations with distributed delay: some new oscillatory solutions B Almarri, AH Ali, AM Lopes, O Bazighifan Mathematics 10 (6), 995 , 2022 2022 Citations: 48
Scrutinization of local thermal non-equilibrium effects on stagnation point flow of hybrid nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms: A bio-fuel cells and bio-microsystem … MM Okasha, M Abbas, S Formanova, Z Faiz, AH Ali, A Akguel, I Mahariq, ... Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 150 (1), 797-811 , 2025 2025 Citations: 45
A new fifth-order iterative method free from second derivative for solving nonlinear equations NY Abdul-Hassan, AH Ali, C Park Journal of applied mathematics and computing 68 (5), 2877-2886 , 2022 2022 Citations: 43
An Effective Color Image Detecting Method for Colorful and Physical Images AH Ali, M RASHEED, S SHIHAB, T RASHID, AAJ Sabri, SHA Hamed Journal of Al-Qadisiyah for computer science and mathematics 13 (1), Page 88 … , 2021 2021 Citations: 41
Taylor-type expansions in terms of exponential polynomials AH Ali, Z Pales Mathematical Inequalities & Applications 25 (4), 1123–1141 , 2022 2022 Citations: 40
Extended approach to the asymptotic behavior and symmetric solutions of advanced differential equations O Bazighifan, AH Ali, F Mofarreh, YN Raffoul Symmetry 14 (4), 686 , 2022 2022 Citations: 39
Blockchain-based authentication schemes in smart environments: A systematic literature review MA Al Sibahee, ZA Abduljabbar, A Ngueilbaye, C Luo, J Li, Y Huang, ... IEEE Internet of Things Journal 11 (21), 34774-34796 , 2024 2024 Citations: 35
Numerical solutions of fractional-order electrical rlc circuit equations via three numerical techniques U Arshad, M Sultana, AH Ali, O Bazighifan, AA Al-Moneef, K Nonlaopon Mathematics 10 (17), 3071 , 2022 2022 Citations: 35
A Modified Heat Diffusion Based Method for Enhancing Physical Images AH Ali, M RASHEED, S SHIHAB, T RASHID, SHA Hamed Journal of Al-Qadisiyah for computer science and mathematics 13 (1), Page 77 … , 2021 2021 Citations: 35
A Novel Blurring and Sharpening Techniques Using Different Images Based on Heat Equations AH Ali, M RASHEED, S SHIHAB, T RASHID, SHA Hamed Journal of Al-Qadisiyah for computer science and mathematics 13 (1), Page 45 … , 2021 2021 Citations: 35
New fractional approach for the simulation of (Ag) and (TiO2) mixed hybrid nanofluid flowing through a channel: Fractal fractional derivative K Zheng, A Raza, AM Abed, H Khursheed, LF Seddek, AH Ali, AU Haq Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 45, 102948 , 2023 2023 Citations: 30
Novel oscillation theorems and symmetric properties of nonlinear delay differential equations of fourth-order with a middle term B Almarri, S Janaki, V Ganesan, AH Ali, K Nonlaopon, O Bazighifan Symmetry 14 (3), 585 , 2022 2022 Citations: 30
Symmetric and Non-Oscillatory Characteristics of the Neutral Differential Equations Solutions Related to p -Laplacian Operators B Almarri, AH Ali, KS Al-Ghafri, A Almutairi, O Bazighifan, J Awrejcewicz Symmetry 14 (3), 566 , 2022 2022 Citations: 30
Dynamic complexity of a discretized predator-prey system with Allee effect and herd behaviour Y Javaid, S Jawad, R Ahmed, AH Ali, B Rashwani Applied Mathematics in Science and Engineering 32 (1), 2420953 , 2024 2024 Citations: 29
Nonlinear stability and linear instability of double-diffusive convection in a rotating with LTNE effects and symmetric properties: brinkmann-forchheimer model G Abed Meften, AH Ali, KS Al-Ghafri, J Awrejcewicz, O Bazighifan Symmetry 14 (3), 565 , 2022 2022 Citations: 28
A comparative study of two-phase flow of an infusion of gyrotactic microorganisms and dust particles in trihybrid nanofluid with melting phenomena and Soret–Dufour effects M Abbas, MM Okasha, N Kamolova, AH Ali, I Mahariq, A Akgül, AM Galal Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 150 (3), 1599-1615 , 2025 2025 Citations: 27
Stability analysis for the phytoplankton-zooplankton model with depletion of dissolved oxygen and strong Allee effects A Ali, S Jawad, AH Ali, M Winter Results in Engineering 22, 102190 , 2024 2024 Citations: 27
Analysis of leptospirosis transmission dynamics with environmental effects and bifurcation using fractional-order derivative FK Alalhareth, U Atta, AH Ali, A Ahmad, MH Alharbi Alexandria Engineering Journal 80, 372-382 , 2023 2023 Citations: 27
A study of continuous dependence and symmetric properties of double diffusive convection: forchheimer model AH Ali, GA Meften, O Bazighifan, M Iqbal, S Elaskar, J Awrejcewicz Symmetry 14 (4), 682 , 2022 2022 Citations: 27
